STEJ NEGER] ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NORWAY 497 
shown that a channel as wide as the Skagerak is capable of being 
crossed by a numerous flora there is no necessity for assuming the 
more roundabout route. 
On the other hand, there is no evidence to show that a terrestrial 
fauna has invaded Norway from that direction. It is pretty nearly 
conclusive evidence that none of the mammals assigned to the Scoto- 
Norwegian invasion have been found fossil in Denmark. True, 
both reindeer and red deer have been found there, but an inspection 
of Winge’s photographs (Vid. Med. Naturh. For. Kjébenhavn, 
1904, pls. vi, x1) of specimens in the Copenhagen Zoological Mu- 
seum shows that they belong to forms different from those inhabiting 
Norway. Of the red deer Winge (p. 262) indicates two different 
types in Denmark, one confined to the islands, the other occurring 
alone in the Jutland peninsula, but also occasionally in the islands. 
A comparison of Lonnberg’s fig. 1 (Ark. Zool., 111, 1906, p. 4) with 
Winge’s pl. vu, fig. 2, suggests the identity of the Danish fossil 
island form with the red deer of south Sweden, the typical Cervus 
elaphus, while the Jutland form may well be the same as one of the 
continental European races which Lonnberg terms Cervus elaphus 
germanicus (Desmarest). So much appears certain, however, that 
none of the Danish red deer have anything to do with the Scoto- 
Norwegian Cervus atlanticus. 
It seems then fairly well established that while southern Norway 
has received part of its flora and fauna from the south during post- 
glacial times, as distinguished from the biota which entered from 
the southeast, there was no direct land connection between Den- 
mark and Norway during that period. 
IX. A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS INVOLVED 
I have now arrived at the point hinted at in the introduction to 
this paper (p. 459) where it becomes incumbent upon me “to show 
that my theories are not inconsistent with accepted principles and 
with the general outline of conservative geological opinion,” and I 
hope to be able to do so in the following pages. 
That a Scoto-Norwegian land bridge is not the mere fantastic 
vaporings of a biogeographer with a theory to prove, can be shown 
by numerous quotations from the writings of prominent geologists 
and physiographers. Thus professor J. W. Judd, in his presidential 
address to the Section of Geology of the British Association (Rep. 
Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. Abérdeen Meet., 1885, p. 1001) has the fol- 
lowing to say: 
