498 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [vo. 48 
“The early history of Scotland is inextricably interwoven with 
that of Scandinavia. . . . To us the separation of Scotland and 
Scandinavia is an event of very recent date indeed; it is not only 
an accident, but an uncompleted accident! The Scottish Highlands, 
with the Hebrides and Donegal on the one hand, with Orkney and 
Shetland on the other, must be regarded—to use a technical phrase 
—as mere ‘ outliers’ of the Scandinavian peninsula.” 
Dr. Hans Reusch, the distinguished director of the Geological 
Survey of Norway, in 1888 (Bommeloen og Karmoen, p. 420), con- 
cludes that “the Scandinavian mountains assuredly constitute with 
the mountains in the northern part of the British Islands a single 
system only interrupted by the subsidence of the area of the German 
Ocean,” or North Sea. Suess (Antl. Erde, 1, 1888, p. 100; Face 
Terre, II, 1900, p. 125) endorses these views and states that Shet- 
land, the Orkneys, the Scotch Highlands, a large portion of Ireland 
and Wales “are to be regarded as the continuation of the folded 
mountains in Norway. The sea which separates Scotland. from 
Norway, as shown by the enormous faults of the Scotch coast, lies 
over a sunken portion of this mountain system . . . the Caledonian 
Mountains.” 
The hydrographers have come to similar results. The latest, most 
thorough, and most detailed study of the problem is by Professor 
Fridtjof Nansen (Norweg. North Pol. Exped., 1v, No. 3, 1904), 
who in reviewing the history of the formation of the Norwegian 
continental shelf concludes (p. 166) that it “ has comparatively re- 
cently been elevated, at least 300 m. [‘or probably more’ p. 189] 
higher than now, when the level of the barriers of the great sub- 
marine fjords was developed.” As to the time he adds on p. 167: 
“To judge from the similarity between the continental shelves of 
Norway, the Fzrdes and Iceland, it seems probable that the shelf 
is, at least to a great extent, postmiocene, 1. ¢., pliocene and 
pleistocene.” 
This suggestion as to the time of the land bridge is fully borne out 
by the investigations of Peach and Horne regarding the glacial 
phenomena of Shetland and Orkney, which point to “ the conclusion 
that they were glaciated by land ice that moved from the North 
Sea towards the Atlantic” and “that the ice must have moved 
westwards across the submerged platform of which Shetland and 
Orkney are the surviving relics” (Rep. Brit. Ass. Adv. Sci. Aber- 
deen Meet., 1885, pp. 1036-1077). Professor Judd, in the presi- 
dential address alluded to above is even more definite as to the 
time, as follows (p. 1008) : 
