STEJNEGER] ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NORWAY 513 
(d) A restricted littoral fauna, among the vertebrates represented 
by the shanny (Blennius pholis). 
(e) A number of non-marine birds, such as the ptarmigan 
(Lagopus mutus), the rock dove (Columba livia), the rock pipit 
(Anthus petrosus), the twite (Cannabina flavirostris), and pos- 
sibly the dipper (Cinclus cinclus). 
(f) A number of.terrestrial mammals, such as the variable hare 
(Lepus timidus), the lemming (Lemmus lemmus), the red-backed 
field mouse (Evotomys norvegicus), the wild reindeer (Rangifer 
torandus), the red deer (Cervus atlanticus), and the fjord-horse 
(Equus celticus), either wild or domesticated. To this category 
must also be added the extinct mammoth (Elephas primigenius). 
It is contended that the mammalian element of the fauna offers a 
fairly conclusive proof of a continuous land bridge between northern 
Scotland and west Norway, and geological considerations have been 
adduced to establish the probability of the existence of this land 
bridge during the time between the two phases of the glacial epoch 
known to the Scandinavian geologists as the first and second gla- 
ciations, a stage alluded to by many of them as the interglacial 
_ period. 
I have furthermore attempted to make it appear probable that the 
climatic conditions in west Norway during the second glaciation 
were not severe enough to preclude the survival there of this biota, 
although the possibility of a reestablishment of the land connection 
with Scotland and a consequent second Scotch invasion during the 
postglacial stage is not absolutely denied. 
