GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION—BRIGHAM. 489 
resources, as well as the relations of human groups to each other. 
Thus, geography has to a considerable extent become known as a 
social study, though it may be surmised that those who put most 
emphasis upon this aspect of it are those who have the least appre- 
ciation of physical geography and of the great field of geographic 
influence and human responses. 
Geography now has aeconstantly enlarging place in our universi- 
ties and colleges. In the year 1910-11, taking 24 American universi- 
ties, the enrollment of students in geographic courses was 3,980. In 
the year 1916-17 the number had risen to 9,807, the University of 
Pennsylvania having over 2,000 and the University of Wisconsin 
more than 1,000. In the same academic year the courses offered in 
single universities ranged from 1 to 19. The latter number of geo- 
graphic courses was offered by the University of Chicago, Columbia 
offering 16, Wisconsin 15, Nebraska 15, Harvard 14, California 11, 
and Pennsylvania and Yale each 10. At least 9 of the higher institu- 
tions in the State of New York are now regularly offering a more 
or less extended outfit of courses in geography. 
More than 30 phases or regions are represented in the titles of the 
courses offered. Among these are physical, commercial, climatic, 
mathematical, cartographic, agricultural, political, educational, and 
conservational phases, geographic influence, and the general princi- 
ples of the subject. In addition there are courses upon the United 
States, upon single States, upon several of the continents and upon 
the oceans. One course is offered in the great and fascinating field 
of urban geography. Advanced degrees in geography have been 
given by the following universities: California, Chicago, Columbia, 
Harvard, Cornell, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Princeton, 
Wisconsin, and Yale. Other schools that offer somewhat extended 
opportunities in geography are Minnesota, Michigan, Washington 
(State), Wellesley, Oberlin, Iowa, Illinois, and Colgate. 
First in order of time and most widespread in university instruc- 
tion to-day is the physiographic content of geography. There is 
now, however, an important growth on the side of commercial 
geography. This phase, not long ago, and still in some minds, re- 
garded as on a level with bookkeeping and typewriting in the 
shorter and more elementary courses of business schools, has for 
some years been coming into secondary schools as a rational subject 
and a substantial discipline. It is now taking its place as an ad- 
vanced subject in colleges and universities, and is an important part 
of the curriculum in schools of business administration, as in Har- 
vard, Cohumbia, and Pennsylvania. 
Geographic societies have had much to do with recent advances 
in geography. The National Geographic Society, from its small 
beginnings a third of a century ago, has grown to vast size and com- 
