Natural History of East Finmark. 117 
specially placed all the species of the ventricosa section first, 
both in his original creation of the genus in 1879 and in his 
work ; and we have seen that Hscharoides can be used for 
the appensa section, but could not be used for the other. 
Genus Escuare.ya, Gray, 1848. 
= Mucronella, Hincks, 1879. 
Type, LEscharella immersa (Fleming) (=L. Peachi 
Johnston). 
Zocecia convex or somewhat flattened ; front wall strongly 
calcareous and granulated, generally imperforated on all the 
central portion; round the base a row of pores. Oral 
Opening semicircular or nearly so, a mucro on the lower lip, 
and within it a simple or bifid denticle and a “ well-developed 
oral bow” (Levinsen). Operculum membranous. Ocecium 
semiglobose, imperforated. No avicularia. Rosette-plates 
very numerous (about 18-24) and carried round the distal 
margin, of the same character as those of the lateral margins. 
The passages of communication between the walls of the 
zocecium in this genus makea pretty appearance on the back. 
Levinsen’s figure of the back of J. immersa (Zool. Dan. 
pl. vi. fig. 3) is illustrative of all the species, though each 
has a character of its own. As regards the number, I shall 
count the number of the upper half of a side of the zocecium 
to the centre of the distal margin, and the rosette-plates for 
a whole side will therefore be double that of the number given : 
ventricosa, 8-10; immersa, 5-7; variolosa, 10-12, the wall 
very thin; adbyssicola, about 10. 
Of species which should be excluded from Escharella— 
appensa, Hassall (=coccinea auct., but * Abildgaard).— 
The back as well as the front of the zocecium is utterly 
different from that of the true Hscharelle. It is like that of 
a Callopora or Lepralia (= Membraniporella), for there are 
one distal and two lateral pore-chambers exactly as in those 
genera. This species should, I think, be regarded as the 
type of Milne-Edwards’s genus Fscharoides. Levinsen 
(“Studies of Bryozoa,’ p. 26) has created a genus Peristo- 
mella for it. 
pavonella, Alder, is equally removed as the last from 
ventricosa; for the whole side of the zocecium there are only 
two rosette-plates. Harmer would place it with verrucosa 
in the genus Umbonula, or, as I should say, Discopora. 
microstoma, Norman.—I have not satisfied myself as to 
the position which this species should take; the semierect 
mouth, which is very small and round, and the ocecium tilted 
back off the zoccium, seem to point to alliance with such 
a species as sincera. 
