282 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
A* long in arm, short in art, never as in at 
BS as VEU Tuc. Cie lita ebb 
Uf sapep aac fields wees deceit, “ it 
O 18 Oly 9 Obey “ ox 
Vig Golly fall aise up 
94. Their power is the same in the diphthongs, except that the second element is slightly 
varied to make them pronounceable in a single syllable; for, as Prisc‘ian, the chief of the 
ancient grammarians, says—“A diphthong is a union of two vowels, both of which are 
sounded.”’; Thus Ai is eye, the Greek AI, sometimes seen in Latin and occurring with 
it in an inscription (No. XI.) in the Capitol at Rome, where the consecutive words occur— 
VERNAE KARISSIMAI SVAE. i is very like o-1 in going, showy, and the Portuguese GTO 
(or oito) eight; EI or EJ nearly as in preying, Bohemian ey, or Spanish ley (law,) AV 
or AU are like ou in out, or Danish AV in HAVN (rhyming with fown) ahaven. If, there- 
fore, hound were a Latin or Danish word, it would have the (only correct) orthography— 
“havnd.” AU has its Latin sound in most of the modern languages; Ai and i (or o1) 
in Portuguese, as in “ Shanghe” (-high,) the orthography of which is due to the Portuguese 
navigators. 
95. The terminations um, em, &c., are nasal vowels, as in French and Portuguese, no 
final m being heard even, when the next word begins with a vowel, where it would be 
heard in French. The quality of the nasal vowel is that of its pure form (as far as we 
* A in arm, because according to the ancient grammarians, it must be made with the mouth gaping or ex- 
panding, HIATU ORIS as described by Marcianus Capella, and RIcrU PATULO in the verse of Terentianus (Maurus) 
and the prose of Victorianus (Afer;) or like the Greek 4, which, according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, was 
made with the mouth open as much as possible. 
“The E which follows, is formed by reducing a little the aperture of the mouth, and drawing the lips inwards,” 
that is, in comparison with Ah, which he had just described.— Victorianus. ' 
I—“The mouth half closed, and the tongue lightly touching the teeth, gives the sound.” — Victorianus. 
O short “is pronounced with a not great opening of the lips, and with the tongue held back; but the long 
ene pronounced, will give a tragic sound from the produced lips (PRODUCTIS LABIIS) and rounded mouth (RICTU 
TERETI, slender cavity of the entire mouth?) the tongue detached from the palate.””— Victorianus. 
V—“ Whenever we pronounce this letter, we will emit it with lengthened and converging lips.”’— Victorianus. 
V—“ Whenever we prepare to emit this sound, we will endeavor to utter O, and thus the sound will be pro- 
duced, but with lengthened and converging lips.” — Terentianus. 
‘“«V is formed by constricting the mouth and projecting the lips a little.” —Warcianus Capella. 
} DrpHrHoNGI AVTEM DICUNTUR QVOD BINOS PHTHONGOS, HOC EST VOCES COMPREHENDUNT, NAM SINGULAE 
VOCALES SUAS VOCES HABENT. See Haldeman’s Latin Pronunciation, Philadelphia, 1851, p. 28 and 69. When 
barbarians prepare their so-called “Latin Grammars,” without consulting Priscxian, we need not wonder that so 
many of them do not know the difference between a diphthong and a vowel, or consonant and vowel combinations 
like UA in QvARE. ‘This is not a criticism upon their conventional pronunciation, but upon their definitions, 
which assign to “AH” a single sound and call it (di-phthong) éwo sounds, and to “1” two sounds, but calling it a 
(vowel) single sound. 
