298 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
181. The effort to produce vocality may perhaps be transferred from the glottis to the 
contacts, so that instead of b, d, gay, a modified p, t, cay will occur, made with the points 
of contact (as the lips) flattened against each other, producing what we call a flat sound 
—to be indicated by heavier-faced (p, t, ¢,) types. They occur in German, in the abori- 
ginal languages of America, as Cherokee, and we place the t in the Arabic word Vahet 
(one.) The ear takes cognizance of the sound, and the German word tod (death,) per- 
haps differs as much from the English ¢oad as their syllable will differs from will; but 
the Englishman and Frenchman think the effect a kind of d.* JD, t, (b p, g ¢,) are in 
fact often confounded, but the explanation given here is based upon a vernacular ac- 
quaintance with the phenomenon. 
182. That the flat p, t, cay do not require more force of breath than p, ¢, cay, may be thus 
proved. Take a tubulate retort holding about half a pint, and partly filled with water; 
let the stopper be replaced with a glass tube passed through a perforated cork; then by 
blowing through the neck, the water will rise in the tube, and indicate the amount of 
pressure, and this we have found to be about the same for the two kinds of p. The ap- 
paratus may be varied by inserting two tubes through the cork of a bottle, one of them 
bent at right angles, or made of gum. 
183. Ifa slight crevice is left between the lips in closing to 6, the result is the Spanish 
b between vowels, as in Cord6ba, a sound associated with ‘w’ in German, where the ortho- 
eraphy would be Cordowa. If this bh is made surd, it becomes Greek phi. If instead of 
the lips, the lower lip and upper teeth are used, we get English v, or if surd, English and 
Latin 7 will be formed. 
184. The quality of ph, f, &c. is aspirate, of bh, v, &e. vocal aspirate, but as some view 
this as a contradiction of terms, spivant (Rapp’s term) may be used instead.f Neverthe- 
less, if for s is alternately made v or z, an attentive ear can distinguish the hiss of the 
former through the vocality of the latter. 
185. It is not possible to breathe when the organs are in the 8, p, position, because the 
nasal passage is closed by the palatal veil: if this be opened, as in breathing, and voice 
* Whence is it that the Spaniards and Gascons confound 6 with vw, that the Germans scarcely distinguish be- 
tween k& and g hard, d and ¢, } and p, and that in their orthography they often use one or other indifferently? 
“We once had a long discussion with an educated Iroquois, to determine whether a certain sound of his lan- 
guage was & or g hard, whether one should pronounce Ganadayé (village) or Kanadayé. The discussion was long, 
and we finally decided in favor of &... The missionaries used these letters indifferently in their printed books. 
Zeisberger frankly admits in his Lénapé [Lenape] primer, that his printer, running short of %, was obliged to 
substitute g. Zeisberger was a German.”’—Duponceau, Mém. sur le Syst. Grammat. des Langues Indiennes. Paris, 
1838, p. 99, 100. 
+ Wilkins (Real Character, London, 1668, p. 367,) uses the term incrassated. This table of the elements, p. 
358, is worthy of examination. 
