300 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
requires an additional type. Duponceau preferred the Polish mode, which arose out of 
the early Latin typography, in which a flourish was sometimes thrown down, and towards 
the right, much like an inverted comma point. This point will be used in these pages, 
producing forms like i, e, a, 0, u, y, &c. 
189. Jf a nasal vowel is properly represented by an ordinary vowel character and a na- 
sal sign, the notation of m and ” is unphilosophic, but not that of ng (except in its dupli- 
city,) if the n is a nasal sign to the gay. If su"g (su@,) spells sung, sud (sud,) is sun, and 
su"b (sub,) is sum; or if bo, bo, are the French bon, 8 0, bo, are mon. 
190. An analysis of the system of articulate sounds requires that the possible amount of 
consonant variation should be determined, and this will be attempted for the labials (the 
action of the lips being most readily identified by touch and sight,) after which the results 
can be applied to other parts of the vocal organism. 
191. This inquiry has important bearings on the investigation of languages, because the 
theoretic knowledge that a sound is possible, will assist us in identifying it from the ob- 
scurities of imperfect description. a. Thus the accounts which the ancient grammarians 
give of their phi are sufficiently clear to the modern who has inferred the existence of 
such a sound; (0.) and the relations of a peculiar Albanian sonant aspirate 7, (No. 2 of 
the scheme § 193a., 483,) were detected when the sound was heard in nature. 
192. Six phases have been mentioned, surd and sonant, lenis and aspirate, oral and nasal. 
Several of these may occur simultaneously, but not surd and sonant, nor (in most cases) 
lenis and aspirate. In the common alphabet, when b is surd, it is written p, but surd or 
whispered w or m cannot be represented; and whilst / in bh does not destroy the vocality 
of b, it renders mh, rh, lh, surd. We want, therefore, the means of representing sonant 
and surd, independently of aspiration. In the examples to be given in the sequel, the 
Greek aspiration and accent marks will be used together, but the latter should be filed 
away to a uniform thickness, to distinguish them from accent marks, which are tapering. 
Thus 
means lenis-surd, 
r “«  aspirate-surd, 
“¢  Jenis-sonant. 
r “  aspirate-sonant. 
; ‘aspiration through the mouth, as ‘1] for lh. 
c ‘“¢ aspiration through the nose, as ‘m for mh. 
ub sf ce through nose and mouth simultaneously. 
193. The following scheme indicates eight mutes and as many possible liquids; eight 
lenis forms, each of which may be aspirated; eight that are pure or oral, each of which 
