ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 301 
may be nasalised; and eight sonants, each of which may be voiceless. To these might be 
added the coalescents as modified by nasality, aspiration, or whisper. To prevent confu- 
sion from so many minute marks, the lenis are here neglected, and the sonant and surd 
phases have the additional indication of heavy and light letters respectively. 
193 a. SCHEME OF CONSONANT PHASES. 
lenis 1 ow. 1 r 
nasal f SOnant { asper 2 “We TL 
d lenis 3 we 1. 
little ae asper 4 “Wwe AL, 
( lenis 5 We a dt ib 
x sonant asper 6 “wr . lh 5 SHA 
= pure sare lems 7 tm 6 ] r 
a asper 8 “w. = wh lh rh 
a lenis 1’ b. =m NY) ah ipeniee 2 
a nasal (jsonant ae 2’ “b, =(‘m) ‘n Albanian. 
a l d flens 3’ p =m n 
ta ago 42 “iy, Gm) ‘n Cherokee. 
j / 
et a ion 
pure NETS apes ide ele eee at sent 
cue aoa Bi ea @ 9 oh Relea See ay) 
194. We are here shown, that however proper “ph” and “th” may be to indicate a 
kind of / modified at the points p and ¢, this notation is entirely inappropriate in mh; for 
as ph breaks the labial barrier of p, mh should do the same for the nasal element m. Pro- 
ducing a sound modified by air passing from the lips, mh should mean (v,) a nasal v, or 
rather, a nasal German w, for m means a nasal, and a mouth aspiration of it. B, is 
strictly m, p, the same (”m) whispered, ‘m does not distinguish between sonant and surd, 
nor bh, or ‘b, between oral and nasal. The latter might be read with the lips closed or 
open, if not restricted to an oral phase. 
195. We require an aspiration mark: for the mouth, as employed in the Greek /, and 
another (‘) for the nasal phase, which we will name afflatus, this being one of the Latin 
terms for aspiration. In the preceding scheme, mute 2’ is a sonant nasal aspirate; and 
were the aspirate mark inverted (‘) it would be equivalent to ‘m sonant afflate. But the 
increased breath necessary to aspirate the former would drive the air through the nostrils, 
so that in most cases there would be both aspiration and afflatus. 
196. Theoretic elements, like nasal bh, ph, v, f, lh, rh, would probably be inconvenient 
in speech, on account of the effort required to drive voice or breath through the two aper- 
tures, and the nice adaptation of mouth to distribute the current between the two. a. It 
is worthy of remark, that when the liquids and nasal mutes are surd, they are likely to 
become aspirate. 
