308 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
erroneously for the transmutation of cay and p, as Italian piano and Neapolitan chiano 
(kiano, § 215) might be cited for the same purpose.* The English triliteral ror four, 
stands in the Latin @VatuOR; Welsh takes a different portion—QVATVOR; whilst Irish 
claims the initial—QvATVOR. 
223. The Latin pVINQV: is older than the Sanscrit and Zend pantshan (five.) It gives 
the Welsh pymp, Aeolic Greek zépze (by turning N to M through the influence of P formed 
from V,) and zéyze, probably the newer form, QVINQvs also gives the Irish cuwig (as in 
coo, ig-nite,) which on account of retaining both gutturals, is purer than the Welsh and 
Greek forms. These relations will appear in the following tables, where ris to be read 
as English sh. 
IL GUD SwoNio be ct QVATUOR Ove ON OVE 
Bushee meee ten Civico Pye) dB ai? CHUM ees arenes 
Prthrianian es a Cert a eer Pamper ered 
Ceylonese .... h. at. a ray pa. h.. ay 
Sanscrit..... te.. a tua rT to Pay aeh (bGiesy OT 
Armenian. ae epiuet wheres pl JOB y-o IS It os 08 C 
IEGRHGO 6 600 UR oa BIN co BP on pen te 
BORGUWED 9 86 6° Wo Bo 00 oo PA ay -. bE 
Wallachian... «w pat... rit (Poo tN We 
WOR 0 0 80 0 »pedwar pym..p 
COWMG. 4.30 00 6 fidvor PG TN oo 3 
CHAGOR obo Oo 6 TT € 00.0 P.€ TZ € pp Te 
CT eRe. aetvione ioe C1 Died YOer Go De 55.6 
Albanian Goo B 0 lg p&-- 8 
Oscan eye eier st co PTW oO RA fo 2 O MM 5 US 
Old French... .pet.or TDs) @) co co 
224, The Latin is the oldest of these forms of four, and next the Ivish and Lithuanian. 
The Sanscrit form is old only in its vowels, in which it is equalled by the modern Persian, 
which has an anomalous / probably arising from a transmutation of aspirates. Of jive, 
the Latin form is the oldest, and next the Irish and Lithuanian. The Lithuanian keturt 
(four) takes the guttural in the first syllable, like the Irish, and in the second the labial, 
*« The interchange of s with h, and of & with p, are the most striking cases... . There are scarcely any 
words in Irish which begin with p, . . . and it is no less observable, that a considerable number of these words, 
whose initial in the British language is a p, begin in Irish with a 4, or as they constantly write it, with a c.’— 
Winning’s Manual of Comparative Philology, London, 1838, p. 128-9. 
+ For the transmutation of cay to t, compare Dorie Tetvoc, Ionic Ketvog (he, that;) Latin pAsCrrE, French 
pailre, to pasture. The Pehlvi, Hindustani, Deccan, Gudzherat, Mahratta, and Gipsy forms, closely resemble 
the Persian. 
