312 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
241. The coalescent is the principal element of a diphthong. In Ellenic (Modern Greek) 
av has been closed to ap and a‘G, consequently it has no coalescent, and consequently it is 
not a diphthong. 
242. There is a limit to intermutation, so that it is hardly possible to find an example 
of a departure from A to O and U, and a return through I and E to A, and a circuit in 
the opposite direction would be still more difficult. 
243. As A'V can return to O, and A’J to E by metallaxis; and as the former can be- 
come U and the latter I by the loss of A; the triplets O, U, AV, and EH, I, AJ, furnish 
two sets of elements which circulate among themselves, apart from the more open vowels. 
They may be tabulated thus:— . 
O E 
AV U i AJ 
These relations, and those of Y and German 6 are shown in the next diagram. 
A 
O ) E 
AV Dor a I AJ 
244. Anallaxis is older than metallaxis, and vowels precede diphthongs, so that when 
both occur in cognate words, those with a vowel may be considered the older, although 
immediately derived from diphthongs. Thus, although the Spanish col and French chou 
(cabbage) are derived from the Latin cavlis (a stalk, cabbage,) and Greek xavjoc (a stem,) 
the original vowel was A, as in the Sanscrit rala5 (a stem) the initial of which is less old 
than the cay of the other forms. 
245. MARKS OF MUTATION. 
++ Indicates an interchange, as O:-+U, PB. 
+— or -+ is placed between a derivation and its primary, the crossed end indicating the 
root, or earlier form. ‘+ indicates a primary, a genuine form, or a true root. 
| indicates a false original, as in | shine, shone, where shine is not the true original 
whence shone is derived; one or both having come from an earlier form. The Greek 
Jxidgw (to make a noise) is not the true original of clang, clank, because the gutturals of 
these are older than the palatal ¢. The following are examples of precession. 
246. 1. Sanscrit pyA; 2. Danish tO, Irish and Persian do, old English two; 3. Eng- 
lish two (too;) 4 old Nordish tvau; 2’ Belgian twHe; 3’ German zwle-, Lettish diwi; 
4’ German zwei. « 
