322 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
297. Compare Greek Greece; arc arch; bark barge; Latin LucrBitis, Fr. lisible, Eng. le- 
gible. The English ¢sh is commonly replaced by ts in German and sh in French, as in 
Lat. Caméra, Eng. chamber, Ger. zimmer, Fr. chambre.* 
298. This change is widely spread, for although the speech of different countries may 
vary greatly, its expression is due to the same organs. Volney remarked it as a dialectic 
peculiarity of Arabic; and Morrison informs those who wish to use his Chinese Diction- 
ary, that words like (ch in chip,) chang vary to tsang; and that & in the Peking dialect, 
“before e and 7 is pronounced as ch and ts; thus king is turned into ching, and keang be- 
comes tséang.” Morrison does not state whether & becomes ¢sh before 7, and ts before e, 
with any degree of uniformity, as in Russian, where, in certain inflexions, & becomes ts 
before 7, and tsh before e.+ 
299. L++ R. These two consonants are made so near the same point that they are rea- 
dily transmutable, and to such an extent in Hauaian, that they are used indifferently. 
R is wanting in some languages, and L in others. 
L+R. S++T, D. 
Sp. milagro miracle Ger. hass hate 
“papel paper << aus out 
“peligro peril “weiss white 
“¢ sabel sabre Dan. dike Ger. essig, (vinegar) 
esclavo Port. escravo 
endro (dill.) 
Ger. hat, 
Gy. podov 
Dan. har, has 
ce 
eneldo Lat. rosa rose. 
300. Interchange of th, sh, zh, r, 1, n, d, t, s, between ancient and modern geographical 
names. 
ALAMATHA Hlamora 
BERGUSIA Balaguer 
PONTES Ponches Fr. LACARIA Lancona 
ARAVSIO Orange oRONTES Hluend 
CHARADRUS Calandro METELIS Missil 
CALIFFAE Carifé PALURA Balasor. 
301. In consequence of the projecting jaws and teeth (prognathism, g pronounced,) of the 
* Mr. Ellis writes several notes, the purport of which is, that “sh descends from i via iy historically, and dzh 
from g vid gj, as also tsh dzh descend from #7, dj, as in nature, verdure. . . . 1 think we can as well believe Ay to have 
become ¢sh in Sanscrit as in Italian. . . . Wallis (1653) analyses sh, zh, tsh, dzh, into sy, xj, tj, d-j, and Smith 
(1568) shows that the former are nearly related to the latter in sound. . . . Salesbury (1547) gives sz as the near- 
est Welsh for sh, resembling it, says he, as copper does gold.” 
+ Grimm’s Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache, $382. 
