ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 323 
African race, it 1s not easy to place the tongue in the proper position for making th, even 
when English is their vernacular, so that it is often replaced with f, as in south, nothing, 
&e. This renders #i doubtful’as an African element. Shakespeare’s ‘Moor’ being a 
negro, his name, to have a rational form, must be Ofello, as the Italians make it. 
302. There are four or five times as many Italian words in pia-, fia-, chia- (ch as i,) as in 
pla-, fla-, cla-, showing a preference for the former. This partiality caused the elision of 
Z and the insertion by induction of I or J, rather than the transmutation of 7. This — 
from Latin produced the Italian forms— 
FLAMMA fiamma /lame PLUMA pluma plume 
CLARUS chiaro clear PLANUS piano plain 
PLANTA pianta plant PLUVIA ploggia rain. 
303. In the last example the corrupt y (in gem) is made from English y in pLuvsa, the 
V being lost, and the second ‘i’ inserted to aid in spelling the corrupt g. The loss of V 
and the change of I to J (as in passing from fil-i-al to fil-ial) is the only difference between 
the ancient geographical name SALVIA, and the Italian form Saglia=sa-tsa. This irre- 
gular Italian orthography disguises the close relation between the ancient and modern 
geographic names— 
PAL-A-NI-A Ba-la-gna SE-NI-A Sé-gna 
OL-LI-US 6-glio TER-BU-NI-O x Tré-bi-gna 
PAL-L-A _—- Pa-glia Co-LO-NI-A —- Co-logne, Fr. 
AL-BL-NI-A  al-bé-gna HIS-PA-NI-A  -Hs-pagne “ 
HOS-TL-LI-A 0s-ti-glia BRI-TAN-NI-A Bretagne “ 
304. That elision of Li and epenthesis of I or J are concerned in FLAMMA, fiamma, is 
proved by the Spanish forms, where both L and J (written //) are heard, as in llama 
(flame) —=LJAMA, or in the English collier for coaler. 
Latin, Italian, Spanish. 
PLANUS plain plano llano 
PLENUS full piéno lleno (& cheno) 
CLAVUS key chiave llave 
fPLANTAGINIS plantain piantaggine llanten. 
305. By taking Portuguese into account, we find a newer form in which PL-, &., are 
lost, and the J converted into French ch (Eng. sh, or dialectically into ¢sh,) by glottosis— 
VOL. x1.—42 
