ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 331 
a warden, a Foreman, which (as a proper name) may be Fuhrman, a wagoner. Hartman, 
a forester. 
337. North, coarse, unfriendly. Grote, Belg. groot, great. Hartley, little heart. Land- 
seer, probably Fr. lancier, a lancer. lenewater, (not clean, but) little water, i. e., Brook. 
Peck, Beck, Ger. Bach, Isl. Becker, a brook. Chilman, kill, a stream. 
338. Chopping, probably Dan. kjopen. Cutlove, Ger. Gottlieb, God-love. Flashman, a 
butcher, Ger. fleisch. edyear, Ger. Riidiger, g being English y in some dialects. Vinegar 
(in Pennsylvania,) probably Ger. Wienker. 
CHAPTER XIV. 
THE VOWELS. 
A transcription will become more and more perfect the more nearly it represents the peculiarities of pronunciation, a 
result which must never be lost sight of, even though it be impossible to attain it—Hichhoff, Paralléle des Langues, 
Paris, 1836, p. 486. 
Such diversities of opinion convey no truth; such a multiplicity of statements of what has been said, in no degree 
teaches us what 7s; such accumulations of indistinct notions, however vast and varied, do not make up one distinct idea. 
Whewell, History of the Inductive Sciences, 1837, vol. 1, p. 240. 
339. [fit rs difficult to appreciate vowel variations, it is still more difficult to convey an 
idea of them in writing; and even with the aid of speech, the teacher may be satisfied 
with an attempt in the pupil which is far from being exact. Indeed, unless the teacher 
has an accurate ear and cautious habits, he is not necessarily the best qualified to give 
instruction in the pronunciation of his own vernacular. 
340. Consonants may be recalled in all their purity by associating them with the organs 
which produce them; but time wears away the impression of vowels, and prevents such 
as are newly heard from being referred to others heard in former years, so that opinions 
in regard to them must be adopted with caution. 
341. Vowels cannot be described intelligibly until there is a scale or apparatus by which 
the exact amount of throat or lip aperture may be indicated, and until then, key words 
must be used, from which approximations may be deduced. Descriptions of vowels are 
commonly very loose. For example, Antrim, (Pantography, Philada., 1843, p. 38,) 
without citing a key word, describes one as ‘a full sound, seeming to turn back, or cant 
off from the fulness of o—” which to him was a clear account of the sound he assigns to 
the final of who, and the initial of with, but equally applicable to awe. There are twelve 
errors in his account of the German alphabet. 
VOL. xI.—45 
