340 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
pan panic dam ham madder, adj. madder 
band banish dram ram ma am mammon 
fan fancy lamb lamp baa badger 
man tan bad pad gas, gaz gash, as 
can, 2. can, verb. glad lad lass lash 
bran ran bag tag, beg bréad bred 
Ann an, Anna cag wag, keg © dead Dedham 
Sam sample drag dragon bed sped. 
380. It occurs in provincial German, as in bx/rvc, (with the vowels of barrier) for berg 
(bere) a hill. A native of Gerstungen (= Gérstion) in Saxe Weimer, pronounced the 
first syllable of this name with x in arrow. Compare thatch, deck; catch, | ketch; have, 
+ hev; scalp, } scelp; German and English fett fat; krebs crab; fest Jast, adj.; Gr. cpéyo 
(I run,) track. 
381. Jt has a long and open German provincial (Suabian) form, being used for long open 
a (¢) as in bar (ber) for bar, (a bear.) This bears the same relation to add that French 
é in méme bears to e in memory. 
382. This vowel is nasalised and short in the French jin (end) —fx,; pain (bread) = 
pa, But some consider this a nasal of ebb,* either because such a sound is used, (the 
Polish e,?) or because the French (being without the pure add) refer their nasal in to the 
nearest pure sound known to them. 
3838. The character x is a good one, and may be written with Greek a, into which ‘& 
degenerates in writing. The Anglish 2 is accessible for the open sound, whilst a small 
‘s’ would admit of being trimmed into several distinct shapes for varieties of sound. 
€, ¢, in ebb. 
384. Most writers pervert ‘e’ to the use of this sound, an error which arose from regard- 
ing the vowels of they them as variations in quantity. Ifthe Roman alphabet is to be ad- 
hered to (¢) the half of ‘e’ might be used for it, but a Romanised form of Greek « (like 
that of Mr. Pitman) is much to be preferred,—and it is shown as a Greek form in Franz, 
p. 245, line 10 from below. 
385. The secondary vowels it, ebb, were not allowed to Latin, (§ 93) because there is no 
evidence that they were Latin sounds; and although ebb occurs in Spanish+ (as in el the, 
* Value compares nasal in to English ain in faint; Bolmar to en in length; Gouraud to en in lent ; and Picot 
to an in vanquish. Pantoléon puts the e of ‘thére’ (nasal) in Fr. point, pain, sein, and of ‘end’ in bien, moyen. 
+ Even this is not admitted in Cubi’s “Nuevo Sistema” (of English for Spaniards,) published by I. Pitman, 
Bath, 1851—where the vowels of dll, ell, am, up, olive, are not provided with Spanish key words; but he assigns 
the whole of them to Catalonian. 
