348 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
cites three kinds of French o, referring that of poste, note, code, to o in not; sort, mort, 
corde, to Eng. nor; and cote, faute, beau, to Eng. note. 
413. Bolmar admits iwo, the o of Eng. opera in opéra, homme, loge, remords, offense, 
comme, notre; and o of over’, in auteur, ter, impot, zero, faute, rose. Value admits two, 
as in Eng. no, nor; and Pantoléon two, the first (without English equivalent,) in bonne, 
homme, trop, au, porter, octobre; the second (in Eng. o/d,) as in tréne, eau, beau, matelot. 
414, Picot admits two, the first ‘‘close, that of o in drop, nearly that of o in nor ;’ and 
“ open, that of 6 in ¢é¢, nearly that of o in over.” Chesnier admits two, as in homme, au- 
tel; and Olivier two, as in mobile, cor; and in beau, dos. In this treatise o (formed from 
Q) will be used provisionally for the short sound, and O for the long one. 
415. The New England or Yankee o in whole, coat, is a short sound with a wider aper- 
ture of jaw than owe, but not (perhaps) of lip. It has-been casually heard, but not studied, 
and we refer it to the French o in bonne. Mr. Graham uses 0 for it. 
O, English, in b6ne boat. 
416. This well known sound is long in moan, loan, owe, go, low, foe, coal, cone, bore, 
roar, bowl, soul; and short in over, obey, open, Opinion, onyx, Onerous, oak, ochre, rogue, 
oats, opium; and medial in going, showy. It does not occur in Italian. 
417. O is long in the German ton, dom, hof, hoch, lob, tod, trog, mohn, lohn, moor, 
mond; medial in oder, also, vor, von, wo, ob, oheim; and short in wohin, hofnung, ost, 
ofen, ober, koch, loch, z6-o-log. Hale, Ellis, Hart, Masquerier, &c., use O; Pitman and 
Graham 0 with the tail on the right; Longley and Parkhurst a closed #; and Comstock 
2,. Kneeland uses 6 as in know, holy, and o for its short quantity in home, wholly— 
having probably the New England vowel in view. 
Q, Italian “o chiuso.” 
418. For this sound we will use w provisionally—but preferring the closed form of Mr. 
Pitman. It occurs in c6nca (cé/ca) a shell; 6nda, wave; botte, a cask, (but botte a blow 
is open;) no-id-so vexatious. Itis long in ancora (a/céra) yet, and short in ancora (a/cera) 
anchor, Ottobre (wtt#bré) October. As the sound is an O approaching to U, it is proba- 
bly the one which those have in view who assert that in some words, as Homa, the Ita- 
lians place U. Mr. Ellis formerly used 9 for it, but latterly a closed o. 
419. As in dialects of Latin, some wanted O and some U, one being used for the other, 
it is hardly possible that Latin O was o aperto. If known to Latin, it must have been 
o chiuso, but more probably the universal O. 
Vi 
420. Sjogren uses this character* for the most evanescent and obscure of all the vowels 
* Ossetische Sprachlehre. 1844, p. 17—19. 
