ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 349 
he has to treat of; a vowel which seemed at times an evanescent e, or an 7%, or even a 
German 6 or 2, or a Russian bI, or something between these. 
ow? 
421. The same author uses w for a sound between Oand U. He cites French moi, Swe- 
dish and Danish sol, and German gross, noth, oben, but these latter are English, as in gross, 
note, over. He has probably o chiwso in view. Castren (p. 7, § 11,) mentions an open 
Ostjak w which approaches o, as in ud or od, the hand. We have heard such a sound in 
the Troquoi word for fen—U JEL ; and it may occur in the Irish (of Munster) me hu 
my eye; curdy five.* 
U in pool; U in pull, (W, w,u,u.) 
422. These two vowels are distinct in quality, and have the same variations in quantity. 
They are to each other as awe is to odd, and they require distinct characters. These, in 
the ordinary alphabet, may be u, U, with marks of quantity. 
423. In passing through the series A, O, U, it will be found that U in pool is labial in its 
character, and that this labiality is preserved in shortening fool to foolish, whilst full, 
Jullish have very little aid from the lips. We may represent ool foolish (often a medial,) 
by fal, fall. 
424. If we compare fool with a word like fuel, rule, (avoiding the Belgian diphthong 
iew,) we detect in it (fyoo'l, rule,) a closer sound, which, when long, is confused with U, 
as in fool, rule, meaning by the latter neither ryule nor riwl, but rool, with a narrow 
aperture. This closer u is often preceded by y and 7, as in due (=dju’,) dew, stew, ruin, 
riide, where it is rather medial than long. 
425. The Latin u is long in woo, two, too, tour, poor, do, who, move, prove, groove, lose, 
soothe, boom, tomb, moon; and perhaps brew, crew, threw, true, if these are not the closer 
U lengthened. U is medial in boot, shoot, root, troop, (all of which Walker marks long, 
like move,) goose, loose, moos, droop, stoop, hoof, proof, tooth. U is short in good, wood, 
hook, which is not who with & added, as Walker would have it. 
426. U is short in foot, full, pull, could, (and if the same aperture is preserved, these do 
not lengthen into pool, coo'd.) In the following, y precedes the short vowel,—acute, dis- 
pute, refute, refutation. U is medial in rude, truth, fruit, brute, and long in fume (fju'm,) 
amuse, refuse, bruise. 
427. The vowel of fool occurs long in the Italian piu (psi;) Satirnd, Mercirio; tt, thou; 
in the German pfuhl, uhr, fuhr, buch, and medial in urtheil, nur. That of foot occurs 
* We have heard an Irish vowel in loch lake, (sometimes lez,) which seemed to lie between up and ope, but 
the o without labiality. We merely call attention to it here, and to Tschudi’s work—Die kechua-Sprache, (Vienna, 
1853,) which contains details of pronunciation, but which we have not now within reach. 
