350 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
short in Italian pinto, point; and in German nusz, nutz, muster, stumm, stunde. The 
French ow (in pool) is long in foule, and short in courrier. 
428. For the vowel pair of pool, pull, Lepsius, Max Miiller, Ellis, Rapp, Kichhoff, Bopp, 
Hale, Hart, &., use u; Comstock, a character based on », and U, (perverting u to up;) 
Pitman (formerly) and Graham w, u; and Bishop Wilkins ». 
429. There are two objections to va, w,—it ignores ‘u’ as made for a full open sound (note, 
§ 359,) and it obscures writing and italics as in mwn (moon) for mun. This use of w in 
Russian, for English sh, is inconvenient, as in writing “wuwka,” a pine cone. 
a 
430. There is a middle series of vowels between those of the throat and the lip side of 
the scale, and akin to both. Between the o of obey (as being closer than owe, and ¢ of ebb,) 
we place the close French ew in eux, lieu. It is marked 6 in § 369. 
a 
431. The open sound of the preceding is heard in the French oei, beirre, netif; of which 
some consider de, me, le the short quantity. Both this and the preceding are made with 
the jaw cavity large, and the lips pursed. Pantoléon writes but one French ew, making 
no difference for quality or quantity, in which he is not alone. 
432. German has an allied or identic sound, long in schworen, schon, konig; and short 
in méchte, worter, loschen. To the writer, there seems but one German 6, that of French 
neuf, with a tendency to the e side of the scale. a. But Lepsius refers konig to the closer 
of the two French sounds, and the word G6-the to a position between this and the more 
open sound of French beurre. If this sound exists, there will be three allied characters 
wanting, tf for beurre, (being an open character for an open aperture;) U for Gothe; and 
1 for konig (a close character for a close aperture,) the letter to be unmutilated (a) when 
the varieties are not discriminated. 
433. The first or most open of these could be written on a.w basis, with the break of the 
left side towards the left. Dr. Lepsius writes the vowel of konig (2,) with the mark of 
length above, when long; that of Géthe (0, and of beurre (2) with a line of length when 
long, and if this sound were to occur nasal and accented, its letter, the doctor’s notation, 
would be é. 
434, Rapp* writes the closer sound { as in peiir, leiir, seul, oéil; and the open one 9, as 
in je, de, se, le; and a (of English but, the article a, &c.,) in the French final of noble, &c., 
when pronounced in poetry. Thus for French ‘redoutable’ he writes rodutabla. 
* Physiologie der Sprache, Vol. III., 1840, p. 108. 
