ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 353 
d, t, tl, c, el, position, and caused to produce a sound by the opening of the consonant 
contact, not with voice or breath, but by a resonance which some may consider an 
‘independent’ aspiration. 
447. If an inverted aspirate sign is prefixed for inspiration or suction, pe will indicate 
a syllable drawn inwards. Let | indicate independence from the lungs, of the vowel effect 
or resonance, before the character of which it is placed, when p|.o will indicate the sound 
made faintly by smokers when separating the lips under suction;—t|.0,, one of the Hot- 
tentot clacks, the inverted accentual indicating force;—t!] (or with /-,) asound made to 
start horses;—)h; a nasal trilled or vibrant inspiration, or snore;—p |e (the air expelled,) 
a sound described to us, probably Dacota, for in Riggs’ Dictionary, p (also t, k, c’=¢tsh,) 
with a dot below “has a click sound,” whence the word for elm is probably pee (or ple, 
if the effect is deemed aspirate.) 
448. In the Nadaco (an English name, An-a-dah-has of Schoolcraft,) a Texan language, 
we have heard such a sound following ¢, with an effect as loud as spitting, and somewhat 
resembling it, as in cibatlo (thread,) where the resonance is modified by an o cavity;— 
nv’sto. (paper;)—tle a uh (tooth,) with final h, it may be considered a dissyllable;— 
ha'vtlo, (wind;)—q leas (thigh,) a monosyllable, the vowel of medial length. There is 
an Enelish click sometimes heard, indicative of impatience. It isa rapid repetition of t},o.* 
CHAPTER XV. 
THE CONSONANTS. 
No condition is more necessary for the success of a projected system of orthography than that it should be as much as 
possible a necessary deduction from fixed principles, and as little as possible a matter of arbitrary invention. ... Now, 
the arbitrary elements of a reformed orthography should be as few as possible; since, as long as they are arbitrary, they 
will vary with the peculiar views of the innovator—and as one innovator will rarely give up his own details for those of 
another, there is no means of insuring uniformity except by laying down preliminary common principles, and admitting 
some common principle of reasoning upon them.—Prof. Latham, Feb. 1849. 
449. The nature of the consonants having been described in Chapter 8, it remains to give 
them in detail; and in adopting the Roman alphabet we may associate each sound with 
the character made for it, or indicate certain known sounds in the same manner that one 
without a letter would be indicated analogically. Premising that ph, th, cannot be used 
for simple sounds, because they must have their power in uphold and pothook, we may in- 
% Dh is a sound peculiar to the Galla language—and extremely difficult to be acquired, the d being followed 
by a sort of hiatus, or guttural approaching to the Arabic ain.—Ch. T. Beke, Esq. Proceed. Philol. Soc. 1845, 
vol. 2, p. 89. 
