354 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
dicate an aspirate of G by ‘G, and of cay by Greek y, causing a discrepancy which the use - 
of ‘c (with the aspirate mark above) would obviate. 
450. Sjogren uses an h formed by continuing the termination down and towards the 
left, nearly in the shape of 0, and this 0 is added to aspirate any lenis phase. Thus, using 
the Russian alphabet, I’ is gay, and the 9 mark added makes it a sonant aspirate ;—added 
to IJ it forms ph, and to the stem of 7, th, but the last is not correct, because ¢ and th (4) 
belong to different contacts. The lower projection of & similarly curved gives y. This 
mark forms part of the character, so that there is no economy of types, as there would be 
in using the Greek asper mark. a. This and the aliied marks, when convenient to the 
printer, or when types are specially made, should be placed over the letter. 
LABIAL CONSONANTS. 
§ 451. pp) 
= g = 
m v p, surd. 
b‘B(wé) m Vv y, ‘Vv ‘Vv, B, sonant. 
5 7 
8 
ib 8 
2 4 6 
12 
9 10 il 13 
Of these, p, b, m, have their English power; ‘p is preferred to Greek @ (§119) except in 
script; and its sonant form ‘b to its proper letter (W, § 127) in the Roman alphabet, or 
to the Romanic ¢ with which (or with a 6 with the stem broken towards the left) it may 
be written. This ¢ is to have the centre open, as distinguished from true 8, which might 
be used in the modern language instead of ua. Bohtlingk assigns both f and ¢ to Ossetian, 
Grusinian, and Armenian. ‘B occurs in Ellenic ¢ (sometimes v,) in Spanish b between 
vowels, and in German (W,) but some Germans use English v for it; German v and / 
being the same letter. 
452. b, p, are for the labial trill—a rapid alternation between b ‘b, or pp. The jlat 
p, t, ce, have been mentioned in §§ 181, 362-3. 
453. We cannot hesitate (§ 43) to restore to Latin and Anglish V its proper power (S§ 106, 
112, 143-4,) unless we doubt the ancient and modern identity* between QvALE &c., and 
Italian quale, (quattro, quantita;) QVANDO, AQVA, and Spanish cuando, agua, Italian quando, 
acqua; yipuA and Anglish vidva, and the initial of widow. 
454. The Latin ‘V’ consonant is in the predicament of English ‘w,’ most scholars know 
the latter through its German power, and some of them cannot permit themselves to be- 
lieve that it is almost a vowel. We consequently find English and German ‘w’ confounded, 
(as in the alphabets of Matushik and S’ufiic’,) precisely as the English confound their ‘v’ 
* This identity is denied in the Roman Orthoepy of Prof. J. F. Richardson, who turns QVANDO into cando, 
and would reject the tables in § 223. His table of the consonants (p. 51,) is erroneous—he gives no authority 
for Z being ds— and he is silent in regard to m final and m adulterinum. 
