356 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
best known. The v of English, French, Spanish, &c., not being a Sanscrit, Greek, Latin, 
or normal German sound, it was not supplied with a character in the Latin alphabet. 
Being a cognate of F, we assign I to it, of which the written form is v with a break. to- 
wards the right, in the middle of the descending stem. The form may be seen at Rome 
on the tomb of Caius Poblicus Bibulus, in the abbreviation -P K-. 
460. The letter y (and W, found in some printing offices,) is nof recommended, because 
it is scarcely distinct enough, and it does not differ sufficiently from Latin V, whilst our 
pair associates well with p, b, &. (§ 70,) and if English v has an affinity with Latin V 
way, as in VALEO, valid, well; VULGUS, zodyoc, vulgar, folk, it has even more with 6 and f, 
(§ 267) as in probate, proof, prove; s-cribe, s-crape, grave, graft, graph-ic; rob, bereave, 
bere/t. 
461. Should labio-dental p, b, ra, occur, they can be formed out of these characters with 
the aid of the marks in §193. Most authors of ethnic or new alphabets use v, and many 
use w with their English power, the earlier ones having done so thoughtlessly, and the 
later ones to preserve uniformity—although uniformity from a false basis is not desirable. 
Mr. Ellis’s recommendation of ‘w’ with its German power, and wt for English w, are the 
least objectionable—but he uses v with its English power. 
462. There is no certainty in the accounts we have of English v and German w occurring 
in exotic languages, for when either is mentioned, we have no proof that the observer 
knew the difference. For example, although the modern Greeks asserted in the most un- 
qualified manner the identity of their ¢ with English v, they were in error, and it has been 
but a few years since this question was settled. In a similar manner, the Spanish gram- 
marians are still mystified about their 0 and v. 
463. The sonant labial trill is used in Germany to stop horses, and we have known a 
child who emphasised the word push by trilling the p when desirous of being pushed to 
the table after having climbed into his chair. 
LINGUI-DENTALS. 
I, 7, (9, 3,) in thin. , in then. 
464. These sounds are produced by placing the point of the tongue between the teeth, 
and they are aspirate in their nature. 6, 0, 3, is the Greek character for the surd phase, 
and 4, 6, the modern Greek sonant. They occur in Albanian, as in aem (a tooth;) 7em 
(I will say—exactly English thum’;) mofon (to say,) me7on in some dialects; me- being 
the infinitive sign, as in mebd, (to make,) mercte (to go,) medarttine (to love,) dartuer, 
(lover.) Should a liquid occur, it will be a kind of J (a.) 
465. They cannot be represented by ‘t, ‘d, because they are not formed on a # basis. 
