ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 367 
§56. ‘t means an aspirate made at the ¢ point, behind the teeth, and indicates a sound 
between ¢h and s. 
466. Throughout this essay the lips are supposed to be towards the /e/t, and the throat 
towards the right. The characters 1, D, (a,) therefore, are supposed to be turned towards 
the lips. ; 
467. The surd sound is attributed to Spanish z, and to ¢ before 7, e; and the sonant to 
d between vowels, as in saludado; but the sounds are not quite those of Greek and . 
English. The Anglish and old Nordish character for the surd sound is P and for the 
sonant %, both of which are freely used in illustration by the German philologists, as 
Grimm and Rapp. a. T, D, if made between the teeth, would be ‘1 (9,) ’a deprived of 
aspiration. 
468. The fourth Arabic letter has the power of 3 (Volney, Ellis, S’ufiic’,) and the ninth 
that of a, both as heard by us, but they are changed in different dialects; and in 
Algerian they are confounded with ¢, d (Paulmier.) Volney’s notation is respectively 0 
and a kind of 3; Richardson uses s, 2; S*unic’, ¢, d; Max Miiller, th, dh; Lepsius, 6, 6’; 
Ellis, a pair of peculiar characters; Comstock, 3, 6; Pitman and Graham, a well-formed 
pair, based upon t, d, with which they harmonise, and which should be adopted. We 
prefer 3 to 6, as a script form. Our characters are adapted to the common alphabet, and 
the Greek furnishes 7. 
469. DENTALS. 
wa ra 
tim= elles 9-1 I=) me -lsund: 
a ic 
dol) ers nin sonant: 
1 4 9 
2 3 56 6 7 Sie Opell: 
469a. T, D, L, N, are formed by a light contact of the tip of the tongue at or near the 
base of the upper teeth. The Spanish ¢, d, are said to differ in quality by having the 
tongue laid against the upper teeth, thus removing the contact towards the lips. 
470. T, D, have no aspirate forms, (unless s, 2 are so considered,) but we can force 
breath past the ¢ position, and thus form (‘r) a kind of s or 5, just as we can deprive s of 
aspiration and make it (’s) a kind of posterior ¢. 
471. Marks are required for consonants made nearer the lips and throat, and to be 
placed below or (less properly) after the letter. Let the Hebrew point (+) represent the 
normal position of a consonant, then (,) the horizontal line directed towards the lips, or 
(t) throat, will mark the distinction when required. §466. 
472. The ¢, d, in tsh, dzh, are thus drawn back by the following palatal, and in fact, — 
