360 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
either touches or approaches the whole anterior space of the hard palate as far as the 
teeth, its tip being turned below.” We have heard and pronounced these sounds casually, 
but not with the tip of the tongue turned down. Ellis (Essentials, p. 54,) says—“The 
tip of the tongue being brought against the back of the upper gums tightly, forms t, and 
loosely, forms d.”* Here we think that the only difference between the ¢ and d is the 
sonancy of the latter. 
488. The Arabic letters of this phase are the following, to which we add our marks for 
lenis and aspirate, sonant and surd. Paulmier’s is Algerian, and Volney’s characters are 
cut with peculiar hooks, on the basis here indicated. 
BA v4 nv 
2 
Smith & Robinson, ¢ s d % 
Lepsius, t 8 d % 
Ellis, 7 £ D J 
Max Miller, T Z Z i 
Paulmier, ty s! d’ az! 
Volney, t d s 3 
Richardson, t s Zz Z 
S‘ufic’, "t *s "d Z 
489. All the Arabic forms (as L, t,) have in common a (,) vertical curve on the right, 
which we propose as being suggestive, and as more appropriate than the dot. Lepsius 
(Alphabet, p. 46,) adds a (theoretic?) m to the series, and we are inclined to place the — 
Polish barred / here. (§478.) This would give the series— 
1.78), 4d, 3).m,, ak 
490. The Polish s’, (and z’) although described as a mouillé s, (z,) is perhaps near the 
‘sad.’ Vater (Gramm. Poln. 1807,) describes the Polish sound as between (German) 
sy and ssch; and Bishop Pigneaux uses x for a sound between s and sh.+ We have heard 
such a one in the Waco (= Véco) of Texas which we will mark provisionally with 9, (or 
if sonant—») as in iscveto (five,) a word derived from that for hand, as in Lenape and 
Hebrew. We attribute the same sound to the Chinese of Canton (cvo/t6j) where the 
word for ten is ovp’. 
* «The sound differs very slightly if at all in the two pronunciations. The tongue is certainly not contracted . 
and hard, when the tip is brought forward, but wide and soft....The Polish 7 is to lingual ¢, as / is to ¢.”’— 
Ellis MS. note. 
+ ‘Ita littera x etsi sola indicat unam consonantem cujus sonus medium tenet inter litteras s et ch Gallorum 
et xa, xé, etc. proferunter modo dulciori quam apud Gallos et etiam modo molliori quam se apud Italos.””—Dict. 
Anamitico-Latinum. Serampore, 1838. 
