362 ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
therefore requires a new or modified letter. We at first employed s ending in a comma 
point to simulate c, G, but this degenerated into a character like the Russian form (3) 
which we adopt, using the numeral 3 until the proper type (a reversed ¢,) is cut. 
497. The character ‘z’ is hardly known as the sonant of s (out of which it has mostly 
arisen,) except in some of the Slavonic languages, and it is not recognised as the proper 
character in French, English, Italian, or German. In the two latter it is always 
expressed by s, and in the two former, in the great majority of cases, as in rose, misery, 
positive. Even in common English, it is disliked, s being preferred in words like analyse, 
criticise, &c., and were it introduced, it would falsify etymology throughout, not excepting 
words like zeal and horizon. 
498. Lepsius rejects the Romanic Cay on account of his third rule, which virtually 
rejects pronounced and etymologic Latin, and tends to render the barbarisms in it 
permanent. Yet, if he rejects Cay on account of its many powers, it had at least its 
correct power in several important living languages, whilst z has its correct power in no 
modern language, and its perversions are quite numerous. a. Its powers are, 1. Ancient 
Greek, as English zd; 2. Italian dz (and és;) 3. German és; 4. English in azure; 5. as 8 
in Hungarian and Danish; 6. French; 7. Spanish; 8. Middle high German; 9. Scotch, 
as in Dalzel or Dalyel. where it is derived from G through the Anglish 3. 
499, Bopp uses s (§484,) for French, Polish, and English z, for which ‘s’ and our surd 
mark might be used, but the space above may be wanted for marks of quantity. Most 
authors use z for it. 
500. The Greek and Latin R was trilled, as described by the ancients, and this accords 
with European practice. The letter ‘r’ therefore means this sound—however convenient 
the addition of a sign of trill () might be found. Rule 5, §63. We have heard trilled r 
in Albanian, Armenian (in part,) Arabic, Chaldee, Ellenic, Illyrian, Wallachian, Hunga- 
rian, Russian, Catalonian, Turkish (in part,) Islandic, Hindustanee, Bengalee, Tamil, and 
other languages, in the pronunciation of natives. 
501. The trilled r is assigned to English as an initial, although many people with an 
English vernacular cannot pronounce it. Dr. James Rush would have the trill reduced 
in English to a single tap of the tongue against the palate. This we indicate by r, with 
a dot above. 
50la. The Spanish (South American) 7 in perro (dog) as distinguished from the 
common trilled 7 of péro (but,) seems to be untrilled, and to have the tongue pressed 
flatly, somewhat as in English z, and doubled, as in more-rest. It may have arisen from 
an attempt to yotacise 7, We mark it v (or if trilled, r,) with a line below, in case it is 
distinct from the next. §502. 
