ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. NOL: 
lowing examples (in which allowance must be made for two ‘personal equations’) the 
vowels are normal, and the diphthong as in oud. 
béeq kqéeql qé, grandmother. Qlqayalqaveal gq, yellow.* 
LARYNGALS. 
z j > < lenis. 
1 2 3 4 
; h hh 6, 7, 8, aspirate. 
5 6 7 8 
552. The laryngal contact pertains to the larynx, and we adopt the term in preference 
to glottal, because this is commonly made to include the faucals or pharyngals. But the 
faucals of Lepsius are our laryngals. 
553. Many deny that h is a consonant, because ‘it is not made by contact or interrup- 
tion.’ But when the breath is impelled through an aperture which obstructs it, there is 
interruption, and if we vary the impulse we can make English oo and w with the same 
aperture. 
554. The walls of the glottis can close, thus forming a consonant contact; and as the 
glottal fissure (§ 148) is the narrowest part of the breathing tube, it is the seat of the deep- 
est point of interruption, and of h. 
555. The spiritus lenis (’) has been described in § 115a, but authors are not agreed about 
it. Some make it the Hebrew aleph, and Arabic hamza, about which opinions differ also. 
Max Miller says (Languages of the Seat of War, p. xxvii.—vili.,.—“ We can more easily 
perceive what is meant by the spiritus lenis inherent in every unaspirated initial vowel, 
if we pronounce blacking and black ink...in black ink, the i is ushered in 
by the spiritus lenis. This spiritus lenis is the Hamzeh of the Arabs. . . . Its sound is 
produced by the opening of the larynx, but there is no previous effort of closing the larynx 
which alone could be said to give it an explosive character.” «a. This describes the spiritus 
lenis as understood by moderns, but the hamza is nothing like it. 
556. Ellis gives the spiritus lenis as occurring between ao in a,orta, being “the slight 
effort made when any vowel sound is uttered,’ whilst in the hamza—‘the effort of 
* This sound is probably identic with that described by the late Rev. Emmanuel Naxera, a Mexican ecclesiastic, 
as found in the Othomi language of that country. ‘ K simplex vel duplex est. Duplex Hispano-Mexicani gram- 
matici cc castanuelas vocant, quia ejus sonus similis est stridori & simia facto, nuces frangenti. Litteris cc, gq, 
vel. gh oculis pingitur. 'T, aliquando etiam sonitu effertur.” (§448.)—Am. Phil. Trans. Vol. V, new series, p. 
254, 1837. 
This Tshinook faucal may be the Hottentot guttural clack, described by Thunberg as “the most difficult of all, 
and performed quite low down in the throat, with the very root of the tongue.” 
VOL. x1.—48 
