ANALYTIC ORTHOGRAPHY. 373 
false ‘aspiration’ like that of p in ‘haphazard,’ which is no more aspirate than the p in 
up stairs. 5 
565. H, h, is the common English and German h, in the syllables held, hat, hast, hose. 
It is unknown to French, Italian, Spanish, Russian, and Ellenic. 
566. 4, ?, 7s for the eighth Hebrew letter hheth (=fej?,) and the sixth (hha) of the 
Arabic alphabet. We adopt the Greek inverted (but of a better form than these,) 
which is nearly the Ethiopic and Amharic letter of probably the same Arabic hha. 
567. @ (h) is commonly called an emphatic h, and often represented by hh. As heard 
by us, it is an enforced, somewhat close h, with a tendency to scrape along the throat, 
and consequently, it is not a pulmonic aspirate. But S’uftic’ probably describes a differ- 
ent element, for he compares it to the open coughing of an ox, which differs from / as 
warm or pulmonic breath differs from it.* The glottis would be opened for such an ele- 
ment beyond the normal position, so as to render more lung exertion necessary, to give 
it body. The pulmonic breath is often used in the continuous portion of acough. Should 
these two varieties be found to exist in speech, they will run (from the closer to the more 
open direction) #, h, h. 
567a. The Florentine aspirate in casa, misericordia, chi, we have casually heard, and 
believe it to be ~, and also the Spanish 7, x, before a, 0, u, as in jabon (soap, = (a bon,) 
and the geographical name San Juan (= sin #van,) in English—sxn vvon, which a Chinese 
would accept for ‘crooked mountain.’ 
568. Hamza is a closure of the glottis, which we indicate by >. It occurs as a cutting 
off of the breath at the beginning of a cough, (>h, or >-@,) during laughter, and when 
the breath is held in lifting a heavy weight, or in leaping. It is found in Wyandot (§ 486) 
and Chippeway. 
569. Rapp considers the spiritus lenis a closure, and writes it (1, 84) with y. He cites a 
South German negation (1,166; 2,267,) with which we are vernacularly familiar, as 
“hayya,’ doubling the sign to shorten the (nasal) vowel.+ We would write it (with h 
nasal “also, h.v.” > e, both vowels being short, the first accented.{ It has several vowel- 
less forms which he writes hmmym, hnnyn, &e., (“mm/>m,*nn’>n, “G,G,'>G, or “Mf p!) 
570. The Arabic and Hebrew ain Volney regarded as a vowel modification, using a 
marked a (e, 0) for it, the sound being formed with a varying vowel aperture. The 
vowel is heard with a simultaneous faucal scrape, which may be regarded as a sufficient 
* See Ellis, Hssentials, p. 40, § 5, 6 
+ The corresponding yes, which Rapp writes ‘‘hmhm’” is rather m* mm’, the second syllable accented. In Eng- 
lish a single long m is sometimes used for yes, as cited in Medhurst’s Chinese Dictionary. 
{ Not having examined Hllenic with a view to detect hamza, we have no settled opinion in regard to the an- 
cient spiritus lenis. 
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