^4 GLACIOLOGY 



To the north of us a Hne of broken ice along the lateral moraine betrayed the 

 presence of a stream bed sufficient to carry away thirty or forty times as much 

 water as was draining oft' the middle of the glacier, while to the south the ice was 

 furrowed by an interlacing network of streams and ponds, which rendered no 

 explanation necessary of why difficulty was experienced in sledging up and down 

 that side of the ice. The southern river could be heard flowing parallel with us 

 10 miles farther down the valley, where it probably opens a way through the sea 

 ice and mingles with the sea water. 



The lakes were met with for some miles along the valley also, and caused great 

 inconvenience, as they were filled and covered with snow, and so constituted so 

 many traps for our unwary feet. 



When collecting snow from one of the larger boulders of the moraines, at the 

 entrance to the East Fork of the Ferrar Glacier, an interesting exaggerated example 

 of the increase of some grains of ice at the expense of others was observed. This 

 boulder was heaped about with snow-drifts of the loose, largely granular snow 

 referred to in discussing the drifts in the older sea ice. Inside the drift, near 

 the boulder, is a regular arrangement of zones, increasing in the size of the grains 

 as the boulder is approached, until finally the grains — without cohering — reached a 

 diameter of from one-quarter to three-eighths of an inch. In the inside 2 inches 

 of the drift the grains had cohered and formed true ice. Pressure here is almost 

 a negligible quantity, and the eftect must be almost entirely ascribed to the heat of 

 the sun and heat radiation from the boulders. 



In regard to the moraines in the upper part of the Ferrar Glacier near 

 Solitary Rocks, several pieces of fine-grained dark basaltic rock were observed, 

 which fact points to the occurrence of basalts among the volcanic rocks of the upper 

 regions of the glacier. The great height up to which these ice-worn specimens 

 were found indicates to some extent the shrinkage that has taken place in the ice of 

 this great glacier in recent times. 



MORAINES IN THE EAST FORK OF THE FERRAR 



GLACIER VALLEY 



These form deposits, a portion of which is visible as a series of small hills 

 pi'otruding above the ice-surface, which hills, from their occurrence in a fairly 

 straight line, appear to be the more prominent peaks of a partially submerged ridge. 



The hills are composed of large quantities of debris derived from the local 

 granites and schists, and also yielding specimens of two or three varieties of tuff 

 (consolidated volcanic ash), basalt, kenyte, and an olivine and augite-kenyte which 

 occurs sparsely at Cape Royds, and which have been so named because it contains large 

 porphyritic crystals of augite and olivine, besides the more common anorthoclase 

 felspar ; and also porphyries of varieties unknown in situ in the valley itself. 



