NOTES ON THE CANID OF THE WHITE RIVER OLIGOCENE. 341 
of the lumbar vertebrie to those of the contemporary Machairodont Dinictis is very 
great. Another similarity in the structure of the lumbar vertebrae between Daphenus 
and the felines consists in the great height and heaviness of the metapophyses, which are 
much better developed than in the recent Canide ; on the last lumbar these processes 
become very much reduced and are, in fact, almost rudimentary. The anapophyses are 
smaller than on the thoracic vertebree and diminish in size on each successive vertebra 
posteriorly ; only on the first and second are they yery large and prominent. In the 
existing representatives of the Cunide these processes are rudimentary, except on the 
first lumbar, where they are small. This constitutes another point of resemblance 
between Daphenus and the cats, and emphasizes the statement already made, that the 
posterior thoracic and lumbar vertebree of this Oligocene dog, for as such it must be 
regarded, are decidedly more feline than canine in appearance, using those terms only 
with reference to their modern application. 
The sacrum (Pl. XX, Fig. 14) consists of three vertebrae, and, in correspondence 
with the great development of the tail, it resembles that of the larger cats in many 
respects. Only the first sacral vertebra has any contact with the ilium and bears massive 
pleurapophyses. The centra are much larger and heavier than in the modern dogs and 
the postzygapophyses much more prominent. The resemblance between the sacrum of 
Daphenus and that of the large cats is not very close, and the following differences may 
be noted: (1) the neural spines are much lower and weaker; (2) the neural canal is 
smaller ; (5) the transverse processes of the second, and especially of the third vertebra, 
are decidedly shorter, so that the posterior portion of the sacrum appears much narrower. 
From the sacrum of the recent dogs that of Daphenus differs particularly in its greater 
proportionate length and massiveness. 
Caudal Vertebre (Pl. XIX, Figs. 9, 10).—In none of the specimens of the collection 
is the tail completely preserved, the largest number of vertebrae found being thirteen of 
one individual and eleven of another, but enough remains to satisfactorily demonstrate 
its character. The tail is remarkably long and stout and is, in fact, almost as well 
developed as in the leopard or tiger, and, consequently, is much longer and thicker than 
in any of the existing Canidae. 
The first caudal vertebra is quite like that of the lion, but is relatively lighter and 
more slender in all its parts, and has a short but distinct neural spine; the zyga- 
pophyses are very prominent, and even the metapophyses are distinctly shown ; the 
transverse processes are very long, but are not so broad proportionately as in the lion, 
and are quite strongly recurved. Posteriorly the caudal vertebrae become successively 
more and more slender and elongate, while all of the processes are gradually reduced in 
size. The middle region of the tail is made up of extraordinarily elongate yertebree, 
