THE VICTORIAN NATURALIST. 165 



The following description is from Westwood's " British 

 Moths":— 



" Family — Tortricid^. 

 " Carpocapsa po7nonella. 



" Carpocapsa pomojiella measures from eight to ten lines in 

 expanse ; fore wings ashy brown, the base darker, and with 

 numerous dusky strigse ; the costa marked with dark lineolae, 

 and the anal angle with a large golden red subocellated patch, 

 clouded with darker coppery shades; hind wings dark brown, 

 the base rather paler. The caterpillar feeds within the fruit of 

 the apple, causing it to fall prematurely, and by this means 

 occasioning much damage to apple districts. See my article on 

 this species in Loudon's ' Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xiv., p. 234. 

 The perfect insect appears in June and July, and is found in 

 gardens and orchards, but not very abundantly." 



Having bred the Codlin Moth here (at Malvern) in the 

 infected apple, it is apparently the same as the coloured plate, 

 and as described by Westwood, but about half or five-eighths of 

 of an inch across the expanded wings. The caterpillar resembles 

 a yellowish-white maggot, excepting that it possesses a small 

 brown head and six small brown legs, with the additional small 

 segmental feet. The observations here are that the moth appears 

 when the apple-trees are in blossom, the egg is laid in the calyx of 

 the blossom, and hatches in two or three weeks, when the apple is 

 formed. The caterpillar, being as small as a needle-point, eats its 

 way through the eye or crown of the apple, and remains in the 

 apple until nearly ripe. Soon after entering the apple it makes a 

 tunnel hole with a declination from the centre of the apple to 

 the outs'de through which it passes its excreta. If the crown of 

 the apple through which it entered should hang down, this same 

 hole is used to pass the excreta. The caterpillars or larvae were 

 (^I5th January) spinning their cocoons, consequently had left the 

 apple. The apple falls prematurely from the caterpillar attacking 

 the pips, the vital part of the fruit. The caterpillar never leaves 

 the apple until it falls; then at once crawls out and cHmbs 

 the bark on trunk of the tree, into a crevice of which it enters 

 and gnaws a smooth surface for its cocoon, which is small, about 

 half an inch long, of white silk. There is o?tly one brood in the 

 year, the pupa, or chrysalis, remaining in its silken cocoon, under 

 the bark, all the autumn and winter, until the apples bloom in 

 the spring. Remedy recommended : — Gather all apples infected 

 from the tree as soon as the first falls. The small pellets of excreta 

 are always observable around the small hole in the apple. Put 

 all the apples gathered into a cask which has no crevice through 

 which the larvae can escape, tie closely and tightly over the open 

 top of the cask a piece of canvas. The larvae, or grubs, will crawl 



