216 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF NEPAL. 



this point the Tadi receives the waters of the Likhu stream, and 

 four miles lower down the Tadi itself joins the Trisul Ganga. 



The vales of the Sindhuria, Likhu and Tadi vary in width 

 from about 300 yards to half a mile. They are locally known 

 by the name of Biasi, and are swampy rice beds only a few 

 feet above the level of the streams, the latter beings very 

 shallow in winter. These portions of the Nawakot district are 

 fully 2,200 feet lower than Kathmandu, and are highly mala- 

 rious during the hot weather and rains. 



The spur on which Nawakot stands gradually decreases in 

 height south of the town, and about a mile and a half below 

 Nawakot it spreads into a level plain which occupies nearly 

 the whole space between the Tadi and Trisul Ganga, as far as 

 the junction of these rivers at Davighat. At the point where 

 Nawakot town is built the spur is from 800 to 1,000 feet above 

 the level of the Trisul Ganga, and its tip at Devighat is less 

 than 100 feet above the river. The surface of this tract ia 

 covered with trees and fine orchards. 



Lying between the western slope of the Nawakot spur and 

 the Trisul Ganga, from Davighat to below the town, is a tract 

 of land considerably elevated above the river, and analogous to 

 the Tars of the Nepal Valley. All along this upland for five 

 miles from Devighat to a point below Nawakot town, as well as 

 on the level part of the Nawakot spur, are fine mangoe orchards, 

 banian trees, simals, plantains, pine-apples and guavas, all un- 

 known in the great valley ; while the slope of the spur is covered 

 •with Sal trees ( also foreign to the Nepal Valley) which are 

 here reduced to mere bushes by constant defoliation, the leaves 

 being regularly carried to Kathmandu to be used as plates. 



The town of Nawakot is built in a hollow on the crest of the 

 spur before mentioned, and is well sheltered by trees. The 

 ridge is steep on both sides of the town, and the latter cannot 

 be seen from below either from the Trisul Ganga or the Tadi side. 

 The slope towards the Tadi, where the trees are not injured, 

 is covered with a fine Sal forest. 



The Trisul Ganga is a great river, quite unlike any of the 

 streams we have hitherto met in Nepal. It is spanned about 

 four miles from the town of Nawakot by a Sanga or suspen- 

 sion bridge, which is most jealously guarded. No European 

 is allowed to cross this bridge which here marks the most 

 northerly point to which the curious obstructiveness of the . 

 Nepalese officials restricts the travels of all Englishmen. 



11. 



The following list of three hundred species of birds is founded 

 on a collection of nearly two thousand specimens which I made 



