198 Timehre. 
Some caterpillars display cannibalistic propensities, the larger caterpillars 
devouring the smaller, or the more warlike the more peaceful. One afternoon 
I left three caterpillars of Callidryas eubule in a covered jar containing an 
ample quantity of food. Next morning there was only one, the two smaller 
having vanished, and as they could not have escaped from the jar it is evident 
that they must have been consumed by the larger one. I have also observed 
the caterpillars of Euptovet a hegesias act similarly, but in this case it may have 
been chiefly due to the pressure of a hungry stomach, as I had great difficulty 
in keeping up an adequate supply of their food-plant, a species of Sida. Under 
natural conditions, however, I have seen the caterpillars of Laphygma frugi- 
perda, one of our common grass-moths, devour others of their own kind. It 
happens therefore that they are enemies unto themselves, which is well, in view 
of their astonishing fecundity and the damage they can do to pasture lands 
and corn crops. I have also observed the caterpillar of this moth devour at 
different times the pupa and the caterpillar of a skipper butterfly. 
Among some of the smaller moths it is a common habit of caterpillars to roll 
leaves or turn over their edges. For example, the moths of the Pyraustine, 
a sub-family of the Pyralide, are noted for distorting leaves, and in this respect 
exhibit great diversity of habit. Some of them roll the leaf from the tip, curl- 
ing it under along the midrib with two or more curls, much as how we would 
begin to roll up a sheet of paper, with the rolls, however, beneath, not above, 
the sheet. Others curl the leaf from the side or edge, the curls being beneath 
or above the leaf. Somevimes the whole leaf is thus curled up, sometimes 
only a part. Some again merely turn over the edge of the leaf, above or below, 
in a single flap, making thus a sort of sack open at both ends. Yet others, 
using the midrib as a centre stay, simply draw together the two halves of the 
leaf above, where the resistance is naturally least. In all these various opera- 
tions the caterpillars use web to keep together the curls or folds. Others 
again of the Pyraustine, in addition to curling the leaf, web together several 
other adjacent leaves. There are some, too, that neither eurl nor fold the leaf 
inany way. They keep themselves on the upper surface beneath a rather thick 
web woven across the leaf. The caterpllars of Pyrausta flavidensalis, which 
live on the fiddle-work tree (Cytharexylon cinerewm) may be cited as affording 
a good example of this habit. Others web one leaf flatly upon another with 
a little space »etween the surfaces. In this space they live, feeding on the 
green matter of the leaves, or sometimes only on that of the lower one. The 
best example of this is afforded by the caterpillars of Mesocondyla concordalis, 
which infest the leaves of the calabash tree. 
It is easy to see that the chief aim of all these cunning devices is conceal- 
ment and protection. Nevertheless, enemies still obtain access to the cater- 
pillars. I have reared parasitic flies and parasitic hymenoptera from some 
of the most recluse. In addition to leaf-rolling and leaf-webbing, boring habits 
also occur among the Pvraustine. The caterpillars, for instance, of Pyrausta 
albiguttalis bore in the stems of Hydrocleis, an aquatic plant abundant in many 
of our trenches and canals while those of Glyphodes nitidalis bore in our 
cucumbers. Infested cucumbers may appear quite sound on a casual glance 
