Miscellaneous. 391 



here and there, usually not far from the gall out of which they crept 

 forth. Anatomical examination shows that these animals also are 

 all females, but that they differ in the siructure of the ovary, by a 

 much smaller number of egg- tubes, from the hybernating generation, 

 which remained wingless. Ratzeburg believed that he observed a 

 few males among these winged animals ; but this was certainly due 

 to an error, as, indeed, Leuckart has remarked. (Nevertheless 

 0. Taschenberg still reproduces Ratzebiirg's figure with the erro- 

 neous description — see ' Die Verwaudlungen der Thiere ' (1882), 

 p. 224.) 



These winged females settle themselves almost exclusively on the 

 underside of older leaves, cover themselves again with a light woolly 

 secretion, and lay a small number (I usually observed 8-12) of eggs, 

 which, in dying, they cover with their roof-like wings. From these, 

 consequently also unfertilized eggs, small yellowish creatures are 

 developed, which, according to the opinions hitherto prevalent, 

 should become developed into the wingless female generation, 

 hybernating at the base of the buds. This course of development 

 was regarded as certain by Leuckart in his memoir above cited ; 

 while subsequently *, from the analogy of the cooditions of repro- 

 duction in the true Aphides, he regarded the existence of a sexual 

 generation as possible, especially as Glaus had informed him that he 

 had once examined male fir-lice. 



The supposition that the progeny of the winged females was the 

 hybernating generation producing the galls in spring (which, 

 however, no one had directly traced) was erroneous, for, in point of 

 fact, their descendants are the sexual animals f. The newly- 

 hatched animals remain for some time under the body of their 

 mother, where they moult once ; then they disperse themselves and 

 creep briskly about on the bark of the twigs. Examination with 

 the lens shows a difference among them. As already stated, they 

 are in general of a yellowish colour. Some, however, strike one by 

 the brownish extremity of the abdomen and also by their greater 

 activity. These are the males. Anatomical examination shows in 

 them two testes of considerable size, with mature and rather large 

 spermatozoa, and a rather long penis beset with short booklets. Tn 

 the more sluggish females the end of the abdomen is not of darker 

 colour. The sexual organs, as in the sexual generation of Phyl- 

 loxera, consist of a single egg-tube, which, in the specimens exam- 

 ined, contains a single large ovum, which being not yet furnished 

 with a chorion and vitelline membrane, is consequently not quite 

 mature. On the oviduct are seated two lubricating glands and a 

 large receptaeulum seminis, which 1 have always found tightly packed 

 with spermatozoa. It is further remarkable that both sexes possess 



* "Die Fortpflanzung der Blatt- uud Rindenlause," in Blomeyer, A., 

 Mitth. der landw. Inst. d. Univ. Leipzig, Heft i. (1875) p. 136. 



•(• Whether the eggs deposited by the winged animals are to be recog- 

 nized, as in Phylloxera, by their size as male and female I cannot say, as I 

 have omitted attending specially to this point. 



