CHAPTER I 



By E. D. iRViNa. 



GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS AND LITERATURE. 



Geological exi>loratinn in the ilistiict— Barnes (1847); Whitney anil Harnes (1847); Randall (1848); 

 Whittlesey (184it and IHOO); Laphara (IS'iS); Brooks and Pumpelly (1871); Irving (1873, 1876, 

 1877, 1885) ; Wight, Sweet, and Wright (1875) ; Wright (1876) ; Chamberlin (1877) ; Couover ( 1878) ; 

 Rominger (1882); Van Hise (1884-1887). Object of the work under the U. S. Geological Survey. 

 Annotated list of the literature of the subject. 



As in the case <>t" most other reg'ions on the south side of hike 

 Superior, the first geological explorations made in the Penokee country 

 date quite far back, but no attempt at detailed work was made before that 

 done west of the Montreal river by the Wisconsin survey, 1873-1878. 

 East of this river, in Michigan, the only approach to a detailed study prior 

 to that by the authors of the |>i-esent volume was by Dr. C. Rominger, 

 then state geologist of Michigan, in 1882. Dr. Rominger's results have not 

 yet been published, but he has been kind enough to send me a manuscript 

 copy of that portion of his last report which covers this district. While 

 this report is unaccompanied by maps, and while Dr. Rominger's locations 

 of specimens are not closer than the quarter section, it yet contains much 

 valuable material. 



I add a few notes with regard to each of the geologists who have 

 personally iuA^estigated any portion of the Penokee district, arranging 

 these notes chronologically, the date after each name being the time of 

 exploration. 



Barnes (1847).— Mr. George O. Barnes was one of the assistants on the 

 U. S. Geological and Mineralogical Survey of the lake Superior land 

 district, tlien under the direction of Dr. G. T. Jackson, and sulisequent to 



