GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS AND LITERATURE. 7 



geological maps of tlio lake Superior country until after the exploration 

 by Pumpelly and Brooks in 1872. 



Randall (1848).— In 1848 Dr. A. Randall, one of the assistants of Dr. D. 

 D. Owen on the U. S. Geological Survey of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minne- 

 sota, accompanied the linear surveyors along the fourth principal meridian 

 from lake Superior southward.^ Dr. Randall appears to have been the 

 first to note the existence in this region of any of the rocks of the iron- 

 bearing series, he having observed exposures of lean magnetic ore. 



Whittlesey (1849 and i860).— Col. Cliai'les Wliittlescy was one of the "heads 

 of sub-cox'ps " on the survey above referred to' under Dr. D. D. Owen. 

 After Dr. Randall's discovery of iron ore on the fourth principal meridian 

 in 1848, Col. Whittlesey followed the iron-bearing slates from the meridian 

 westward to the vicinity of English lake, or Lac des Anglais, as it was 

 then called by the French voyageurs. Col. Whittlesey's report covers all 

 of the region drained by the Bad and Montreal rivers in nortlierii Wiscon- 

 sin. It is quoted at some length below. Eleven years iTiter Whittlesey 

 made a somewhat more thorough study of the same region for the Wiscon- 

 sin state survey then organized under James Hall.' His earlier work, 

 however, was, of course, no more than a very rough reconnaissance. It 

 could not indeed have been more, considering the difficulties of travel in 

 thereo-ion and the fact that there existed in it at the time but a sing-le sur- 

 veyed line, that of tlie iiieridian above mentioned. These difficulties con- 

 sidered, we must credit Whittlesey with having accomi)lished a good deal. 

 In fact, to his earlier work for Owen's survey and later work for the Wis- 

 consin survey was due all really definite information at hand with regard 

 to the geology of the Penokee country, ])revious to the investigations of 

 the Wisconsin survey of 1873-79. 



Lapham (1858).— In September, 1858, Dr. I. A. Lapham, afterward chief 

 of tiie Wisconsin Geological Survey, made rapid trips along the Penokee 

 range from Bad river at Penokee gap eastward as far as the fourth 



'Report of a Geological Survey of Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, David Dale Owen, 1852, 

 pp. 151, 153, 155, 444; see also C. \\Tiittlesey in an article on the Penokie Mineral Range, Proc. Bost. 

 Soc. Nat. History, \'ol. ix, 1862-'63, pp. 235-244. 



^Op. cit. p. XV. 



3 The Penokie Mineral Range, I'roc. Rost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol, ix, 18G2-(«, pji. 235-244. 



