22 THE PENOKEE IKOX-BEARING SERIES. 



most of whicli comes out iu thin, oblique prisms, with well tleftned angles autl straiglit 

 edges, probably 300 feet thick, iucluding what is covered by the talus or fallen por- 

 tions. I estimate more than one-half of this face to be ore, and in places the beds 

 are from 10 to 12 feet in thickness, with very little intermixture of quartz. There are 

 portions of it not slaty, but thick bedded. The dip of the lamina' is mostly north and 

 by east, 80° and 85°. The convulsions that have occurred at this point have thrown 

 a part of the range beyond the rest of it, to the northward, so that in crossing the 

 river and passing along the mountain to the eastward for several miles the fer- 

 ruginous bed, as well as many of the associate strata, were not visible above the 

 general surface of the ground. It should, however, be borne in mind that the whole 

 region is not only covered so thickly with timber that no distant views can be had 

 without climbing trees, but the drift often conceals the rocks over a large proporti(ni 

 even of the elevated ridges. In addition, the rocks themselves, previous to the era 

 of the drift, have been the sport of giant fiu-ces, which tossed and tilted them about 

 at various angles and elevations, realizing the fable of Atlas (pp. 444-446). 



It will be noted that the two names "Penokie." and " Pewabic" are 

 used in the above quotation for the bold range which runs from the IVIon- 

 treal river to the vicinity of English lake, near the southern boundary of 

 the iron-bearing tonnation. Whittlesey tells us in a later publication, suIj- 

 sequently noted, that the word. "Penokie" here used is a misprint for 

 "Pewabic" (more properly "Biwabik"), which latter term is the Chippewa 

 word for " iron." However this may be, the former term in ifs moi-e usual 

 form of " Penokee" has since become thoroughly fixed by general usage. 



Wliittlesey's early work iu this i-egion was, of coui'se, no moi-e than a 

 very rougli i-ecouiiaissance. However, considering the difficidties of travel 

 in the region and the fact that there existed in it at tlie time but a single 

 surveyed line, the fourth principal meridian, we must give Whittlesey the 

 credit of having achieved a good deal. In fact, including the fin-ther 

 exiiminations made by him some ten years later, and below noticed, he sup- 

 plied all the information of any value obtainable at the time of the inaugiu'- 

 ation of the Wisconsin State Survey, in 1873. 



1859. 



Lapham (I. A.). The Penokee Iron Range. Wis. State Agricultural Society 

 Transactions, 18r)8-'59, vol. 5, pp. ;:iyi-400, with map. 



This is a ver}' brief and general account of the Penokee Iron range, 



based on trips made along it by Dr. Lapham in September, 1858, from Bad 



