94 SMITHSO^'TAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 'J2 



veritable cliff chamber. In the middle of the solid rock floor of the 

 tower which served as the foundation of the tower walls a circular 

 hole or sipapu (fig. 107), symbolic of the entrance to the underworld, 

 had been drilled, affording evidence that the tower was used for cere- 

 monials. A distant view down Soda Canyon may be had from the top 

 of the tower, although it is situated some distance from the rim of the 

 mesa and shut in by a dense growth of cedars and pinyons. 



An automobile road constructed around Cedar Tree Tower was 

 continued through the cedars to join the Mancos road. Several 

 ladders were placed in position and a trail opened down the steep wall 

 of Soda Canyon from Cedar Tree Tower to Painted Kiva House, an 

 instructive cliff dwelling about a quarter of a mile away, formerly 

 practically inaccessible. To the west of the Mancos road about the 

 same distance from Spruce Tree House as Cedar Tree Tower there 

 is another tower of the same type, but with walls of adjacent rooms 

 projecting above ground. Several other similar towers have been 

 reported on the mesa, in the Mancos, McElmo, and Hovenweep Can- 

 yons, and elsewhere. The relation of a tower to kivas and other 

 buildings of Square Tower House is shown in figure 108. 



A preliminary examination was made of the ruin at Aztec Springs 

 now called Yucca House National Monument, in the Montezuma 

 Valley, with a view to future excavation and repair of this important 

 site. As no satisfactory photograph of this ruin has ever been pub- 

 lished a view of the Lower House of this ruin taken in 1874 by 

 W. H. Jackson is by his permission given in figure 109. It is planned 

 to begin work on the Lower House of this great ruin in the spring 

 of 1921. 



FIELD-WORK AMONG THE HOPI INDIANS 

 Dr. Walter Hough, curator of ethnology, U. S. National Museum, 

 spent the month of June among the Hopi Indians of Arizona, a tribe 

 with which he has been associated for 25 years. At present some 

 of the Hopi tribes are making rapid progress toward assimilating the 

 culture of the white man, while others ; though becoming more and 

 more affected, show changes to a lesser degree. As these changes 

 have taken place through peaceful assimilation and were not forced 

 by war or other disruptive agency they present an interesting field 

 for ethnological research on normal modifications of social struc- 

 tures due to contacts. Some notes on this subject are appended. 



Material Welfare 

 The Hopi have prospered during the last quarter of a century. 

 From the period when they knew almost nothing of money the Hopi 



