Introduction 



1875, and Mount Kanosan in 1876, and went to Yumoto near 

 NikkoinI876. 



J. J. Rein (1835-1918), a German geographer, came to 

 Japan in 1874 and made tours of Mount Ontake in Shinano 

 province, Hakone, Nikko, Shikoku, and Amami-Oshima. His 

 specimens are cited by Franchet and Savatier in their "Enu- 

 meratio." 



F. Hilgendorff (1839-1904), a German teacher of zoology, 

 botanized in Japan in connection with his zoological investi- 

 gations. 



L. H. Doederlein (1855-1936), a German, in company 

 with Yasusada Tashiro visited Amami-Oshima and some other 

 areas of Japan in 1880. His publication "Botanische Mitteil- 

 ungen aus Japan" appeared in Botanisches Centralblatt in 

 1881. 



Otto H. Warburg (1859-1938) came to Tokyo in 1887 

 after collecting previously in Korea, the Tsushima Islands, and 

 the Goto Islands. 



Charles S. Sargent, an American botanist, collected in 

 various parts of Japan in 1892. The results of his investigations 

 on the Japanese forest flora were summarized in his "Forest 

 Flora of Japan," published in 1894. 



Urbain Faurie (1847-1914), came to Japan in 1874 at the 

 age of 27 years, as a French missionary. Faurie must be ex- 

 tolled as perhaps the most energetic of 19th-century collectors 

 of Japanese plants. His collections of flowering plants and 

 cryptogams, amounting to several hundred thousand herbar- 

 ium sheets, remain as a monumental legacy of his many en- 

 ergetic years spent in the country. 



Faurie first took up residence at Niigata in 1874. In 1883 he 

 moved to Hakodate in Hokkaido and began a tour of that 

 part of Japan. In 1897 he lived in Aomori on Honshu. By this 

 time Faurie had collected extensively over much of the coun- 

 try as well as the adjoining areas of the South Kuriles, south- 

 ern Korea, and Amami-oshima. He died from illness in For- 

 mosa in 1914. His collections were sent mostly to the Museum 

 National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. A nearly complete set 

 of Faurie's collections is also kept in the herbarium of the 

 University of Kyoto. Duplicates were widely dispersed to the 

 leading herbaria of Europe, and large sets exist also in the 

 older herbaria of America. 



Faurie's collections of his Niigata period were cited in 

 Franchet and Savatier's "Enumeratio." After Franchet's death 

 the Faurie collections came into the hands of H. Leveille 

 (1863-1918), who worked on the Cyperaceae. This latter set 

 of Faurie's collections was purchased by the British Museum 

 (Natural History) in London after Leveille's death. Faurie's 

 collections were studied by many specialists, including B. Ha- 

 yata, T. Nakai, G. Koidzumi, H. Christ (ferns), E. Rosenstock 

 (ferns), C. Christensen (ferns), E. Hackel (grasses), E. 

 Koehne (Rosaceae), M. Petitmengin, G. Kiikenthal (Cypera- 

 ceae), W. Becker (Violaceae), H. de Boissieu (Saxifragaceae 

 and Cruciferae), C. B. Clarke (Cyperaceae), A. Bennett 

 (Potamogetonaceae) , G. Bonati (Scrophulariaceae), A. Finet 

 (Orchidaceae), O. von Seemen (Salix), C. K. Schneider 

 (trees), R. Keller, F. N. Williams, and M. T. Masters (Con- 

 iferae). 



Early in the 20th century many European and American 

 botanists visited Japan, including Hans Hallier (1903), Neth- 

 erlands; E. B. Copeland (1907), U.S.A.; E. D. Merrill (1907), 

 U.S.A.; H. Lecomte (1911), France; G. Finet (1911), France; 



Adolf Engler (1912), Germany; E. H. Wilson (1914), U.S.A.; 

 and W. T. Swingle (1915), U.S.A. 



In the latter period of the Tokugawa government the in- 

 troduction into Japan of European and American techniques 

 of taxonomy changed the traditional herbalist approach to 

 botany. Leading this movement were Keiske Ito, Yoshio Ta- 

 naka, and Motoyoshi Ono. A school founded in 1873 as the 

 Kaisei-Gakko, together with the Medical School of Tokyo, 

 were united in 1877 as the new Imperial University of Tokyo, 

 established as a center of Western learning. Here Ryokichi 

 Yatabe (1851-99), who had studied at Cornell University in 

 the United States, lectured on botany with the aid of Jinzo 

 Matsumura and Saburo Okubo as assistant professors. At this 

 time Kingo Miyabe and Tomitaro Makino were engaged in 

 botanical research at the Botanical Institute of the University. 



The Tokyo Botanical Society, presently the Botanical Soci- 

 ety of Japan, was founded in 1882, with the Botanical Maga- 

 zine of Tokyo as its organ for publication. 



Outstanding among the taxonomic botanists of the new 

 era in Japan are such names as M. Miyoshi (1861-1939); T. 

 Makino (1862-1957); M. Shirai (1863-1932); K. Shibata 

 (1877-1949); Y. Yabe (1866-1931); B. Hayata (1874-1934); 

 T. Nakai (1882-1952); R. Kanehira (1882-1948); G. Koid- 

 zumi (1883-1953); H. Takeda (1882-); and Y. Kud6 (1887- 

 1932). Botanical publications at the end of the 19th century 

 increased greatly to include floristic studies on the Japanese 

 flora as well as on outlying areas, such as Korea, Formosa, the 

 Bonin Islands, Sakhalin, Manchuria, and China. Collecting 

 expeditions, such as Kudo's Sakhalin Expedition and Hayata's 

 Indo-Chinese Expedition, were sent to various parts. Dr. Haya- 

 ta's, for instance, during his three trips to Indochina, Yunnan, 

 and Siam, sent back several thousand sheets of vascular plants. 



Among the publications we should mention by the botanists 

 just cited are Miyabe's "The Flora of the Kurile Islands" 

 (1890); Miyabe and Kudo's "Flora of Hokkaido and Sag- 

 halien" (1930-34); Yabe's "Icones Florae Manchuriae" (1914- 

 22); B. Hayata's "Icones Plantarum Formosanarum" (1911- 

 21) ; Nakai's various floristic notes on the Korean flora and his 

 critical monographic studies on Aconitum, Viola, Lespedeza, 

 Arisaema, Euonymus, Camellia, Myrsinaceae, Polygonaceae, 

 Caprifoliaceae, Bambuseae, and Pteridophyta; Takeda's many 

 editions of an "Alpine Flora"; and Koidzumi's monographs 

 on Rosaceae, Aceraceae, and Morus, and his phytogeographical 

 works. 



Nakai's prolific researches resulted in numerous important 

 floristic works not only on the Japanese flora but also of Korea. 

 His Korean Flora, "Chosen Shokubutsu" ["Flora of Chosen"] 

 (1914), "Flora Sylvatica Koreana" (1915-39), and his incom- 

 plete "Iconographia Plantarum Asiae-Orientalis" (1935-52) 

 are especially important. Tlie "Nova Flora Japonica" (1938- 

 51) is an unfinished work, jointly authored with M. Honda, 

 an authority on Japanese grasses. T. Makino edited the "Jour- 

 nal of Japanese Botany" started by him in 1916, and G. Koid- 

 zumi edited the "Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica" 

 started by him in Kyoto in 1932. These two periodicals remain 

 today the leading Japanese journals for phytotaxonomy. The 

 Botanical Magazine of Tokyo in recent years has greatly re- 

 duced its publication of taxonomic papers. The leading centers 

 for botanical research in Japan from about 1930 onward have 

 been the University of Tokyo and the University of Kyoto. 

 The younger taxonomists of present-day Japan are products 

 largely of these two institutions. 



