Introduction 



Turczaninov, a Russian botanist, in various issues of the "Bul- 

 letin de la Societe des Naturalistes de Moscou" for 1846 and 

 1848. The exact dates of Goring's Japanese itinerary have not 

 been definitely established. It is known, however, that he was 

 in Java from 1844 to 1856. 



The middle of the century saw the beginning of a new era 

 of botanical activity in Japan, when foreign plant collectors, 

 other than Dutch, began to visit the country. Among the first 

 can be mentioned S. Wells Williams and James Morrow 

 from the the United States of America who were attached to 

 the Perry Expedition of 1852-54. Collections of plants were 

 made chiefly at Shimoda, a harbor in the southern part of the 

 Idzu Peninsula, and at Hakodate in Hokkaido. In the wake 

 of these collectors came Charles Wright and J. Small, who 

 visited Japan as members of the U.S. North Pacific Exploring 

 (Ringold and Rodgers) Expedition of 1853-56. The collections 

 from these two American expeditions were reported on by Asa 

 Gray under the title "List of Dried Plants Collected in Japan 

 by S. Wells Williams, Esq., and Dr. James Morrow" (1856) 

 and "Diagnostic Characters of New Species of Phaenogamous 

 Plants, Collected in Japan by Charles Wright" (1859). In the 

 latter paper. Gray presented his views on the relationships be- 

 tween the floras of Japan and of eastern North America (see 

 footnote p. ix). 



C. P. Hodgson, the English consul at Hakodate, 1859-60, 

 sent to W. J. Hooker at Kew his collection from Hakodate 

 and vicinity. Hooker in 1861 published a "Catalogue of Japan 

 Plants, Systematically Arranged" based upon Hodgson's col- 

 lection. 



C. J. Maximowicz (1827-91), a Russian botanist, first 

 came to Hakodate in 1860 soon after publication of his "Primi- 

 tiae Florae Amurensis" (1859). Maximowicz's itinerary in 

 Japan covered at least the following localities as cited on his 

 herbarium specimens: the southwestern part of Hokkaido, 

 Yokohama, Hakone, Mount Fuji, Mount Kuju, Nagasaki, 

 Mount Aso, and Kumamoto. He left Japan in 1864. In 1866 

 Maximowicz purchased from Siebold's widow part of his 

 Japanese collections. At this period Maximowicz, through his 

 many acquaintances in Japan, brought together the largest col- 

 lection of Japanese plants made up to this time. Tschonoski Su- 

 gawa (1841-1925), who was Maximowicz's attendant during 

 his stay in Japan, continued to send many plants to Maximowicz 

 after his departure from Japan. Michael Albrecht, a medical 

 emissary to the Russian consul at Hakodate, offered to Maxim- 

 owicz his collection of plants gathered at Hakodate. In 

 addition to these, much material was sent to Maximowicz by 

 the leading Japanese botanists of the period, including Yasu- 

 sada Tashiro (1856-1928), Yoshio Tanaka (1838-1916), Ryo- 

 kichi Yatabe (1851-99), Jinzo Matsumura (1856-1928), 

 Tokutaro Ito (1868-1941), Kingo Miyabe (1860-1951), and 

 Tomitaro Makino (1862-1957). 



Maximowicz published his first paper on the Japanese flora 

 in 1866. He continued to publish intermittendy from then 

 on until his death in 1891. His most elaborate publications are 

 "Diagnoses breves plantarum novarum Japoniae et Mand- 

 shuriae" (1866-77) and "Diagnoses plantarum novarum 

 Asiaticarum" (1877-93). These were scholarly works, each a 

 great contribution to Japanese botany. It should be men- 

 tioned that Maximowicz made extensive use of the classical 

 work "Somoku-dzusetsu" by Yokusai linuma (1783-1865), 

 the first illustrated flora of Japan (ed. 1, 1856), in which Max- 

 imowicz assigned Latin names to many of the figures. The 

 principal set of Maximowicz's Japanese collections is in 



Leningrad, with nearly complete sets at Kew and in Paris. 

 Partial sets exist in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, 

 D.C., and in various other herbaria. 



From 1857 to 1859 C. Wilford, an Englishman, traveled in 

 eastern Asia and visited Japan as well as the north China 

 coastal area, Formosa, and Korea. Wilford's collection was 

 sent to Kew and was studied later by Maximowicz. 



Two British horticulturists, James Gould Veitch, who 

 visited Japan from 1859 to 1862, and Robert Fortune, who 

 came in 1861, sent many living plants and seeds to England. 



Richard Oldham (1837-1864), an Englishman, botanized 

 in the neighborhood of Nagasaki in 1862 and 1863. His 

 collection was studied by Daniel Oliver at Kew, by Miquel in 

 Leiden, and by Maximowicz in Leningrad. 



Otto Schottmiiller (P-1864) and Max Ernst Wichura 

 (1817-66), as members of a German scientific exploring ex- 

 pedition dispatched to Japan and China between 1859 and 

 1861, botanized in the Ryukyus, Hokkaido, and Nagasaki in 

 1860. 



P. A. L. Savatier, a Frenchman, collected plants in Japan 

 from 1866 to 1871 and again from 1873 to 1876, during his 

 tenure as a medical officer of the Iron Works at Yokosuka. The 

 collections of Savatier were gathered chiefly in Yokosuka and 

 its suburbs. Mount Fuji, Hakone, Atami, Nikko, and Hako- 

 date. Savatier, like his predecessors, obtained assistance from 

 several Japanese botanists of the period, as well as from sev- 

 eral visiting foreigners. Japanese botanists assisting Savatier 

 included Keiske Ito, Motoyoshi Ono, Ichiro Saba, and Yoshio 

 Tanaka. The foreigners who collected for Savatier included 

 F. L. Verny (Mount Asama, Tomioka in Kozuke Province, 

 and Niigata), de Brandt, the Prussian minister to Japan (Ha- 

 kodate and Kyushu), a Mr. Robert, an army surgeon (Hako- 

 date), and F. Hilgendorf (chiefly Hakodate). Other names 

 among foreign contributors include Hogg, Kramer, Vidal 

 (Tomioka, Niigata), and Dickins (Atami). The two-volume 

 work by Franchet and Savatier, "Enumeratio plantarum in 

 Japonia sponte crescentium," published in 1875-79, was the 

 most extensive enumeration up to this time of the plants of 

 Japan. Franchet and Savatier's flora included a useful biblio- 

 graphical compilation of classical studies on Japanese plants, 

 such as Kwa-wi, Honzo-dzufu, and Somoku-dzusetsu. Savatier 

 prepared a translation of Kwa-wi under the French tide 

 "Livres Kwa-wi traduits du japonais avec I'aide de M. Saba" 

 (1873). The first set of Savatier's Japanese collections is kept 

 in the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, in Paris. Par- 

 tial sets are at Kew, in the U.S. National Museum, Washing- 

 ton, D.C., and elsewhere. 



Several small collections by Europeans were made during 

 the latter part of the 19th century as follows: 



Emanuel Weiss (1835-70) and J. von Xanthus were 

 members of a Hungarian expedition in 1869-70, led by H. 

 Wawra von Fernsee. Their collections are mainly from Yoko- 

 hama. A publication on their collections was made by A. 

 Kanitz, entitled "Expeditio Austro-Hungarica ad oras Asiae 

 orientalis. Anthophyta quae in Japonia legit beat" (1878). 



James Bisset (1843-1911), an Englishman, collected in Ja- 

 pan at various times from 1866 to 1886, chiefly in Hakone, on 

 Mount Oyama, and at Yokohama. Spencer le Marchant Moore 

 published on these in parts I and II of his "Alabastra Diversa" 

 in the Journal of Botany British and Foreign (1877-78). 



Doenitz, a German, visited Japan from 1876 to 1880. He 

 climbed Mount Nantaisan in Nikko in 1875, Mount Fuji in 



