ASPIDIACEAE 63 



mersed, mostly forked, then straight and parallel, normally free; fertile fronds usually smaller and narrower than the sterile, 



often longer-stiped; sori entirely covering underneath surface; paraphyses absent. More than 400 species, in all warm 



regions, abundant in the Andes. 



lA. Scales on rhizomes and fertile stipes ovate, obtuse to acute; blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, gradually acuminate at base; stipes 

 of sterile fronds short, about half as long as the blade or shorter 1. E. yoshinagac 



IB. Scales on rhizomes and fertile stipes lanceolate, acuminate; blades oblong-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, subacute to very obtuse, acute 

 to abrupdy acuminate at base; stipes of fertile fronds as long as to half as long as the blade 2. E. tosaense 



1. Elaphoglossum yoshinagae (Yatabe) Makino. 2. Elaphoglossum tosaense (Yatabe) Makino. /Icrosti- 



Acrostichum yoshinagae Yatabe Atsuita. Fronds chum tosaense Yatabe Hiroha-atsuita. Closely allied to 



somewhat dimorphic, evergreen; stipes rather stout, promi- the preceding; scales on rhizomes and stipes lanceolate to 



nently scaly, slighriy flattened, narrowly winged above, 2-10 linear-lanceolate, 4-6 mm. long, about 1 mm. wide, brown, 



cm. long in the sterile, to about 15 cm. long in the fertile; gradually attenuate, very sparsely long-ciliate; stipes 3-14 cm. 



scales brown, membranous, ovate, 3-6 mm. long, obtuse to long in the sterile blades or slightly longer in the fertile, 



acute, sparsely ciliate; sterile blades thick-coriaceous, lanceo- sparsely scaly in upper part, rather densely so at base; sterile 



late to oblanceolate, 10-30 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, obtuse at blades 5-15 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, prominendy white-carti- 



tip, gradually narrowed at base, decurrent on the wing of the lagineous on margin, obtuse or subacute, acute to short-acumi- 



stipe, glabrous above, with sparse deciduous scales beneath, nate at base, slighdy decurrent on the stipe; fertile fronds 



entire, prominently white-cartilaginous on margin, the costa usually shorter than the sterile but the stipe longer. Rocks 



broad but not prominendy raised on both sides; veins in- and trees; Honshu (Izu Isls. and s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, 



visible; fertile blades smaller, usually 3.5-17 cm. long, 1-2.5 Kyushu (Yakushima) ; rare. Ryukyus. 



cm. wide.— — Rocks and tree trunks; Honshu (Izu Isls. and 

 s. Kinki Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu; rare. Ryukyus, For- 

 mosa, China, and Indochina. 



11. DRYOPTERIS Adans. O-shida Zoku 



Terrestrial; rhizomes short or elongate, ascending to erect, sometimes creeping, scaly; scales entire or toothed; stipes elongate, 

 usually scaly; blades bipinnatifid to decompound, catadromous, usually broad at base, naked or scaly on both sides; veins free, 

 forked; sori mosdy dorsal on veins, rounded; indusia orbicular-reniform, attached by the inner end of the sinus, very rarely 

 absent. With about 150 species, cosmopolitan. 



lA. Pinnules provided with multicellular spinelike hairs on upper side. 



2 A. Indusium absent; ultimate pinnules entire or undulate 1- sikpk.'C'"' 



2B. Indusium present; ultimate pinnules dentate 2. D. hendersonii 



IB. Pinnules without multicellular spinelike hairs on upper side. 

 3.\. Scales on blades beneath and on rachis not saccate, nearly absent in Nos. 17 to 19. 

 4A. Scales on blades usually abundant, at least on rachis. 



5A. Scales on stipes and rachis ovate; blades herbaceous, (bi-) tripinnate. 



6A. Fronds few, ovate-oblong to deltoid, annual, deciduous; lowest pinnae largest; sori distant; indusium flat, not more than 

 1 mm. across. 

 7A. Fronds herbaceous, broadly ovate to ovate-oblong, usually longer than broad; lowest pinnae Yi-Yi as long as the blade; 



scales on stipe abundant, a few with a chestnut-colored band down the center 3. Z). austriaca 



7B. Blades membranous, deltoid, usually as wide as to slighdy wider than long; lowest pinnae three-fourths to nearly as long as 



the frond; scales on stipe sparse, concolorous 4. D. amurensts 



6B. Fronds many, crowded, broadly oblanceolate or broadly lanceolate, persistent over one winter, marcescent, smaller than Nos. 3 

 and 4; lowermost pinnae smaller than the median; sori close; indusia convex, with incurved margin, 1.5-2 mm. across, 



often overlapping 5. D. jragrans 



5B. Scales on stipes and rachis linear to lanceolate; blades coriaceous to firmly herbaceous, pinnate to bipinnate. 

 8A. Blades bipinnatiparted. 



9A. Blades oblong-lanceolate to oblanceolate, usually much narrowed at base; rachis densely scaly; pinnae sessile; lower seg- 

 ments of lower pinnae broadly adnate, not contracted at base. 



I0.\. Sori submarginal; fronds to 65 cm. long; scales black or black-brown; veinlets simple 6. D. polylepis 



lOB. Sori medial to subcostal; fronds 50-130 cm. long; scales brown; veinlets, at least some of them forked. 



IIA. Blades 40-100 cm. long, narrowed at base; pinnae herbaceous, acuminate; indusium not split. . . 7. D. crassirhizoma 

 I IB. Blades 100-150 cm. long, scarcely narrowed at base; pinnae subcoriaceous, caudately long-acuminate; indusium 



breaking into 2 pieces when mature 8. D. wallichiana 



9B. Blades broadly lanceolate to oblong-ovate, not or scarcely narrowed at base; rachis usually sparsely scaly; pinnae very short- 

 petiolulate to subsessile; lower segments of lower pinnae usually contracted at base. 



I2A. Scales black-brown 9. D. unijormis 



I2B. Scales light brown to chestnut-brown. 



I3A. Rhizomes erect; sori on upper %-Yi of blade, the fertile area deciduous from the sterile portion in winter; fertile 



pinnules much smaller than the sterile pinnules 10. D. laccra 



I3B. Rhizomes short-creeping; sori on the upper Y2-Y3 of blade, the fertile area not deciduous from the sterile portion in 



winter; fertile pinnules scarcely smaller than the sterile pinnules 1 1. D. monticola 



8B. Blades simply pinnate. 



