Betulaceae 



371 



1. CAKPINUS L. KuMA-sHiDE Zoku 



Deciduous trees or large shrubs; leaves more or less 2-seriate on tlie branchlets, petiolate, toothed, penninerved, the lateral 

 nerves 7- to 24-paired, straight; staminate aments pendulous, clothed with bud-scales in winter, the flowers naked, the stamens 

 3-15; pistillate aments terminal, the scales with 2 flowers in the axils; flowers 2-bracteolate, the perianth adnate to the ovary, with 

 6-10 teeth at the top; st>'le short, the stigmas linear; nutlets surrounded by a rather large leaflike longitudinally striate scale or 

 bract. About 20 species in the temperate to warmer regions of the N. Hemisphere. 



lA. Leaves with 7-15 pairs of lateral nerves, rounded to cuneate at base; staminate scales broadly ovate, subsessile; fruiting scales ovate; bark 

 smooth. 

 2A. Leaves 2-5(-6) cm. long, with 10-13 pairs of lateral nerves, acute to obtuse; fruiting aments few-scaled, spreading to ascending; 



small tree or large shrub 1. C. turczaninovii 



2B. Leaves 4-10 cm. long, with 12-15 pairs of lateral nerves, acute to acuminate; fruiting aments many-scaled, pendulous; trees. 

 3.\. Leaves acute to abruptly acuminate, pilose, the petioles pilose; fruiting scales loosely long-hairy, 20-25 mm. long, toothed only 



on one side 2. C. tschonoskfi 



3B. Leaves caudately acuminate, glabrescent, the petioles slender, reddish, glabrate; fruiting scales short-hairy, 10-18 mm. long, with 



a lobule at base on each side, coarsely toothed on both sides or on one side 3. C. laxiflora 



IB. Leaves with 15-24 pairs of lateral nerves, usually more or less cordate or sometimes rounded at base; staminate scales stipitate; fruiting 

 scales ovate, toothed, membranous, closely imbricate; bark scaly. 

 4A. Leaves narrowly ovate to ovate-oblong, 2.5-4 cm. wide, barely cordate to rounded at base, with 20-24 pairs of lateral nerves. 



4. C. japonica 

 43. Leaves ovate, 4-7 cm. wide, prominently cordate, with 15-20 pairs of lateral nerves 5. C. cordata 



1. Carpinus turczaninovii Hance. C. paxii Winkl.; C. minutely puberulous above; atnent scales narrowly subovate 

 stipulata Winkl.; C. tana\aeana Makino; C. turczaninovii var. or ovate-subdeltoid, 10-18 mm. long, with a lobule on each 



tna\inoi Winkl. Iwa-shide. Small tree or large shrub side at base, the margin toothed on one or both sides; nut 



with pilose branchlets and petioles; stipules persistent; leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, striate, glabrous or puberulous above. 



ovate, 2.5-5(-6) cm. long, 18-20 mm. wide, acute to sub- Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Korea. 



obtuse, double-toothed, rounded at base, nearly lusterless, 4. Carpinus japonica Bl. Distegocarpus carpinus Sieb. 



glabrous and with shghdy raised reticulate veinlets above, ap- & Zucc; D. carpinoides Sieb. & Zucc; C. carpinus (Sieb. & 



pressed-pubescent beneath, with tufts of axillary hairs, the Zucc.) Sarg.; C. distegocarpus Koidz.; C. carpinoides (Sieb. & 



lateral nerves of 10-13 pairs; petioles 5-12 mm. long; fruiting Zucc.) Makino Kum.^-shide. Tree with pubescent young 



aments ascending to spreachng, 4- to 8-scaled, the peduncles branchlets; leaves narrowly ovate to ovate-oblong, 6-10 cm. 

 pubescent, 1-2 cm. long, gradually curved; scales ovate to long, 2.5-4 cm. wide, long-acuminate, rounded to shallowly 

 narrowly so, 10-18 mm. long, oblique, coarsely toothed; nuts cordate at base, doubly serrate with acute mucronate teeth, 

 broadly ovoid, about 4 mm. long, sparingly pilose above. glabrescent above, with tufts of axillary hairs and long brown- 

 Honshu (Chugoku Distr.), Shikoku, Kyushu. Korea and ish hairs on nerves beneath, the lateral nerves of 20 to 24 pairs, 



China. the petioles 8-15 mm. long, puberulent above; fruiting aments 



2. Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. C. yedoensis Maxim. pendulous, narrowly oblong, the peduncles 2-4 cm. long, 



iNU-SHroE. Tree with the branchlets, young leaves and puberulent, the scales 15-22 mm. long, narrowly ovate, with 



petioles pubescent; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, 4-8 cm. long, short appressed hairs, coarsely toothed; nuts oblong, about 4 



acute to short-acuminate, doubly serrulate with mucronate mm. long, with few striations. Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. 



teeth, rounded at base, slightly appressed-pilose above, pilose Var. cordifolia Winkl. C. carpinoides var. cordifolia 



beneath especially on the nerves and in the axils, the lateral (Winkl.) Makino. O-kuma-shide. A large-leaved phase, 



nerves of 12-15 pairs, the petioles 8-12 mm. long; fruiting occurring with the species. 



aments pendulous, pubescent, the peduncles 1.5-3 cm. long, 5. Carpinus cordata Bl. C. erosa Bl.; C. cordata var. 



loosely pubescent; scales subovate, 20-25 mm. long, pilose, pseudojaponica Winkl. Sawa-shiba. Tree, the branchlets 



coarsely toothed on one side; nuts ovoid-orbicular, about 4 mm. soon glabrate; leaves ovate to broadly so or elliptic-ovate, 7-13 



long, few-ner\'ed, glabrous or thinly hairy above.— — Honshu, cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, abruptly acuminate, cordate, irregu- 



Shikoku. Korea and China. larly serrulate, with the teeth ending in a short awn, nearly 



3. Carpinus laxiflora (Sieb. & Zucc.) Bl. Distegocarpus glabrous or with scattered hairs on the nerves and axillary tufts 



laxiflora Sieb. & Zucc. Aka-shide. Tree; branches loosely of brownish short hairs on lower side, the lateral nerves of 15 



pilose while young; leaves ovate or ovate-elliptic, 4-7 cm. long, to 20 pairs, the petioles 1.5-3 cm. long; fruiting aments nar- 



2.5-3.5 cm. wide, brownish when unfolded, caudate, doubly rowly oblong, pendulous, the peduncles glabrous or pu- 



serrulate, rounded or rarely shallowly cordate at base, scat- berulous, 2-4 cm. long, the scales 2-2.5 cm. long, oblong, 



tered long hairy while young, later appressed-pilose and with toothed; nuts oblong, about 5 mm. long, glabrous, with about 



axillary tufts beneath, the petioles 8-12 mm. long, slender, 10 striations on each side. Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, 



glabrescent; peduncles 1.5-2 cm. long, glabrescent, sometimes Kyushu. Korea and China. 



2. OSTRYA Scop. Asada Zoku 



Deciduous trees with scaly scabrous bark; leaves petiolate, ovate or narrowly so, doubly toothed; staminate aments elongate, 

 pendulous (naked in winter), the perianth absent; stamens 3-14, the filaments bifid above; pistillate aments slender, erect, 2- 

 flowercd in axils of the scales, the scales imbricate, deciduous in fruit; ovary with an adnate perianth surrounded by the involucre 

 which consists of the adnate bract and bracteole; stigmas 2, linear; nuts striate, enveloped by an accrescent rather membranous 

 involucre, coarsely hirsute below. Seven to eight species, in the N. Hemisphere. 



