402 Rafflesiaceae; Balanophoraceae; Polygonaceae 



many, the anthers 2-locular, sessile around a fleshy genital column or inserted on the throat of the perianth-tube, free or con- 

 nate; ovary superior, very rarely half-superior, 1-locular or imperfectly many-loculed by intricate lamellate placentae; stigma 

 undivided or lobed; ovules many, orthotropous or anatropous; fruit fleshy, indehiscent or irregularly ruptured; seeds minute, 

 many, with reticulate outer coat. About 10 genera, with about 60 species, mainly pantropical. 



1. MITRASTEMON Makino Yakko-so Zoku 



Glabrous herbs without chlorophyll, with short thickened scabrous rhizomes; stems erect, simple, short, fleshy, unbranched, 

 scaly; scalelike leaves decussately opposite, ovate, obtuse, entire, the upper ones becoming gradually larger; flowers solitary, 

 terminal, erect, bracdess, bisexual; perianth of a single connate whorl, truncate, tubular, fleshy, persistent; stamens completely 

 connate, the anthers extrorse, dehiscing by pores, the connective connate and forming a depressed-conical body over the stigma; 

 ovary superior, relatively large, ovoid-globose, sessile, 1-locular, with lamellate placentae; style short, stout, the stigma thick, 

 depressed-conical, subbilobed; testa 1-layered. Few species, in e. and se. Asia, Central America. 



1. Mitrastemon yamamotoi Makino. Yakko-so. long; stamens 14-20 mm. long, the filaments connate and 



Stems 5-7 cm. high, white, black-brown when dry; scalelike surrounding the ovary, the anthers 4-5 mm. long; stigma 



leaves thick, few-paired, 10-20 mm. long, ovate-deltoid or 4-6 mm. across. ^Nov. Shikoku, Kyushu; parasitic on 



deltoid, ascending, subcoriaceous, rounded on back, incurved roots of Castanopsis; rare, 

 on margin; flowers 15-20 mm. long, the perianth 5-8 mm. 



Fam. 77. BALANOPHORACEAE Tsuchi-tori-mochi Ka Balanophora Family 



Variously colored monoecious or dioecious root-parasitic herbs without chlorophyll; rhizomes tuberous, often lobed, some- 

 times scaly, often scabrous; stems erect, terete, usually scaly; leaves reduced to scales, alternate; spikes terminal, ovoid, clavate 

 or globose, with stout fleshy axis, the bracts absent or many; flowers unisexual, the pistillate sessile, minute, densely arranged 

 on the face of the axis, many, sometimes somewhat hairy, the perianth absent or small and adnate to the ovary, rarely free, 

 bilabiate or tubular; staminate flowers larger, interspersed among the pistillate or at one end of the spike, naked or with a 3- to 

 8-lobed perianth; stamens 1 or 2, or as many as and opposite the perianth-lobes; ovary 1- to 3-locular, small, the ovules soli- 

 tary in each locule; fruit small, indehiscent, 1-seeded. About 15 genera, with about 100 species, mainly in the Tropics of the 



Old World. 



1. BALANOPHORA Forst. Tsuchi-tori-mochi Zoku 



Fleshy glabrous parasitic herbs; scapes with persistent alternate scalelike leaves; staminate flowers dispersed among the pis- 

 tillate ones or on one end of the spike, rarely on different spikes, the perianth-tube cylindric, solid, the lobes ovate, 3-6, imbricate 

 in bud; stamens 3-8, the filaments absent or united in a column; pistillate flowers naked; ovary ellipsoidal, 1-locular, sometimes 



stipitate; style single, slender; ovules solitary, anatropous; fruit indehiscent; seeds globose, the endosperm copious, oily. 



About 70 species, in India, Australia, and s. Asia, few in e. Asia. 



lA. Plants dioecious; staminate flowers unknown; rhizomes lenticellate; spikes blood-red or yellow-red, ovoid, or cylindric-ovoid. 



\.B. japonka 

 IB. Plants monoecious; rhizomes not lenticellate; spikes pale yellow or whitish, ovoid to narrowly so 2. B. tobiracola 



1. Balanophora japonica Makino. Balania japonka Balania nipponica (Makino) Masam. Miyama-tsuchi-tori- 



(Makino) Van Tiegh. Tsuchi-tori-mochi. Stout gla- mochi. More slender; spikes ovoid-cylindric to narrowly 



brous reddish herb 5-10 cm. high; rhizomes irregularly ovoid, orange- to reddish yellow, sometimes reddish. July- 

 globose, lobed, pale brown, 2-3 cm. across, with raised whitish Oct. On roots of deciduous trees; Honshu (centr. and n. 

 lenticels; scapes terete, stout, erect, few-scaled; scales suberect, distr.), Kyushu; rare. 



fleshy, reddish, broadly ovate to oblong, entire; spikes terminal, 2. Balanophora tobiracola Makino. Balanei\on tobira- 

 solitary, stout, narrowly ovoid to ovoid, 3-6 cm. long, 2-3 cm. cola (Makino) Setchell Kiire-tsuchi-tori-mochi. Re- 

 wide, blood-red; pistillate flowers minute, fleshy, with minute sembling the preceding species; scapes 10-15 cm. long; rhi- 

 ovoid-globose bodies between them; ovary stipitate, eUipsoidal, zomes not lenticellate; scapes and spikes pale yellow; scales 



small, the style linear. Oct.-Dec. On roots of evergreen ovate; spikes monoecious, the staminate flowers larger, dis- 



trees, especially Symplocos; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. persed among the pistillate. -Oct.-Nov. On roots of Pit- 



Amami-Oshima. tosporum, Raphiolepis, and Ligustrum; Kyushu (s. distr.) 



Var. nipponica (Makino) Ohwi. B. nipponica Makino; Ryukyus and Formosa. 



Fam. 78. POLYGONACEAE Tade Ka Buckwheat Family 



Herbs, rarely shrubs; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple or lobed, the petioles often dilated below into a stipular sheath 

 (ochrea) ; flowers usually small, bracteate, solitary or fasciculate in axils or in spikes or racemes, rarely in a compound panicle, 

 bisexual, sometimes unisexual, actinomorphic, the pedicels usually jointed at apex; perianth of 4-6 free, frequentiy highly colored 



