Berberidaceae 463 



3. MAHONIA Nutt. Hiiragi-nanten Zoku 



Evergreen spineless shrubs or rarely small trees with yellow wood; leaves alternate, pinnately compound, the leaflets cori- 

 aceous, spinose-dentate; stipules minute; flowers in many-flowered racemes or panicles, yellow; sepals 9; petals 6; filaments dilated, 



usually with 2 toothlike appendages at the apex; stigma peltate; fruit a berry, dark blue, bloomy; seeds solitary or few. 



About 50 species in N. America and e. Asia. 



1. Mahonia japonica (Thunb.) DC. Ilex japonica dark bluish green above, yellowish green beneath, the lateral 



Thunb.; Berberis japonica (Thunb.) R. Br. Hiiragi-nan- ones very oblique, the terminal leaflet stalked, truncate or 



TEN. Shrub to small tree; leaves 30-50 cm. long, the leaflets subcordate at the base, larger; flowers yellow, in fascicled, long- 



9-15, coriaceous, rigid, usually ovate-oblong, 4-10 cm. long, drooping racemes; fruit bluish black. Introduced and long 



with 1-3 teeth on inner side and 5-6 teeth on outer side, cultivated in our area, China and Formosa. 



4. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Ruiyo-botan Zoku 



Glabrous perennial rhizomatous herbs; leaves 1-2, membranous, pinnately 2- to 3-ternate, the leaflets sometimes 3-lobed; in- 

 florescence cymose, terminal and axillary; flowers yellow, 3- to 6-bracteate at base; sepals 6; petals 6, very short, reduced to 

 nectaries, opposite the sepals; stamens 6, the anthers opening by a valve on each side; ovary solitary, 1-carpellate; stigma lateral; 



ovules 2, orthotropous; fruits berrylike, globose, blue-black, often bloomy. Two species, one in N. America and one in e. 



Asia. 



1. Caulophyllum robustum Maxim. C. thalictroides acute, often 2- to 3-lobed to -divided, glaucous beneath; 



var. robustum (Maxim.) Kegel; Leontice robusta (Maxim.) flowers yellow, 10-12 mm. across, pedicellate; sepals obovate, 



Diels Ruiyo-botan. Glaucescent glabrous perennial herb, narrowed below, 6-8 mm. long; fruits berrylike, 6-7 mm. 



40-80 cm. high, with stout rhizomes; stems solitary, erect, across, globose, the stipe 4-6 mm. long, thickened. May- 

 simple, few-scaled at base, 1- to 2-leaved on upper half; leaves July. Woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, 

 petiolate or sessile, 2- to 3-ternate, the leaflets membranous, Kyushu. 

 ovate-oblong, 4-8 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide, subacuminate to 



5. EPB^EDIUM L. Ikari so Zoku 



Perennial herbs with short-creeping rliizomes and much-branched roots; leaves binate or ternate, the leaflets entire or spine- 

 margined, the cauline ones 1 or 2; racemes simple or slighdy branched, terminal; flowers white, purplish, or yellowish; sepals 8, 

 2-seriate, the outer ones smaller, the inner ones petallike; petals 4, often spurred at base; stamens 4, the anthers opening by a 

 valve on each side; ovary 1, the ovules in 2 series along the ventral suture; capsules slender, 2-valved, die valves unequal, the 

 smaller one deciduous, the larger one persistent; seeds few, the raphe arillate. More than 20 species, in Asia and Europe. 



lA. Petals scarcely spurred. 



2A. Stamens longer than the perianth; filaments about 2 mm. long, slightly shorter than the anthers; leaves 1- or 2-ternate, evergreen; 



pedicels nearly as long as the flowers \. E. sagittattwi 



2B. Stamens shorter than the perianth; filaments 0.5 mm. long, much shorter than the anthers; leaves binate; pedicels 1-3 times as long 

 as the flowers. 



3A. Racemes many-flowered, subpaniculate; leaves summer-green; leaflets ovate-oblong, 6-10 cm. long, acute 2. E. setosiim 



3B. Racemes 4- to 15-flowered; leaves evergreen; leaflets ovate to broadly so, 2.5-5 cm. long, obtuse 3. £. diphyllum 



IB. Petals long-spurred. 



4A. Primary division of cauline leaves paired; leaflets obtuse to subobtuse 4. E. trijoUatobinatum 



4B. Primary division of cauline leaves in 3's; leaflets usually acute to acuminate. 



5A. Leaves evergreen, rather firm; leaflets prominently glaucous beneath 5. E. scmpervirens 



5B. Leaves usually summer-green, thinly chartaccous; leaflets pale to slighdy glaucous beneath. 



6A. Leaflets 3-6 cm. long; flowers white, rose, or pale purple 6. E. grandiflorum 



6B. Leaflets 5-12 cm. long; flowers creamy yellow 7. E. kpreaniim 



1. Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. & Zucc.) Maxim. rowly ovate-oblong, 6-10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, acute, sagit- 

 Aceranthus sagittatus Sieb. & Zucc; E. ikariso Sieb. ex Regel; tate, more or less spine-margined, brownish long-pubescent 



E. sinense Sieb. Hozaki-no-ikari-s6. Evergreen pcren- beneath while young; inflorescence rather many-flowered; 



nial herb; cauline leaves solitary, 3- to 9-foliolate, the leaflets flowers white, 10-12 mm. across, the inner sepals 6-7 mm. 



ovate-oblong, 6-10 cm. long, 3-4 cm. wide, spine-margined; long. Apr.-May. Honshu (Chtigoku Distr.) ; rare. 



flowers white, about 6 mm. across; inner sepals about 4 mm. 3. Epimedium diphyllum (Morr. & Dccne.) Lodd. 



long, ovate. A Chinese plant long cultivated for medical Aceranthus diphyllus Morr. & Decne.; E. japonicum Sieb. 



use, now becoming rare. Baika-ikari-s6. Evergreen perennial herb, 20-30 cm. 



2. Epimedium setosum Koidz. O-baika-ikari-so. high; leaves 1 or 2 times binate or sometimes ternate in the 

 Summer-green herb, 25-40 cm. high; cauline leaves solitary, last division, the cauline solitary, the leaflets rather coriaceous, 

 binately 2- to 4-foliolate, the leaflets narrowly ovate to nar- ovate to broadly so, 2.5-5 cm. long, 2-3.5 cm. wide, entire or 



