Elatinaceae; Violaceae 633 



Fam. 138. ELATINACEAE Mizohakobe Ka Waterwort Family 



Herbs or subshrubs; leaves simple, opposite or verticillate, stipulate; flowers small, bisexual, actinomorpliic, axillary, solitary 

 or in cymes; sepals 3-5, free, imbricate; petals 3-5, persistent, imbricate; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, free; 

 ovary superior, 3- to 5-locular, the placenta axile; styles 3-5, free; ovules many; capsules septicidally dehiscent; seeds without 

 endosperm. Two genera, with about forty species, in tropical and temperate regions. 



1. ELATINE L. Mizo-hakobe Zoku 



Delicate herbs growing in muddy places or aquatic, glabrous; leaves opposite or verticillate, small; flowers minute, usually 

 axillary, solitary, 3- or 4-, sometimes 5- or 2-merous; sepals membranous, without ribs, obtuse, connate at base; petals obtuse; 



ovary globose; capsules globose, membranous, the septa winglike; seeds narrow, often curved, minutely reticulate. About 20 



species, in temperate and tropical regions. 



1. Elatine triandra Schk. E. orientalis Makino; E. tri- than the others; petals 3, ellipdc, very obtuse, slighdy longer 



andra var. orientalis (Makino) Makino Mizo-hakobe. than the sepals; stamens 3; styles 3, free, short, erect; capsules 



Small soft annual; stems terete, decumbent, branched, 3-10 membranous, depressed-globose, about 2 mm. across; seeds 



cm. long; leaves broadly lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 5-10 many, oblong-cylindric, about 0.5 mm. long, slightly curved, 



mm. long, 2-3 mm. wide, obtuse, narrowed to a short petiole- rounded at both ends, with minute hexagonal reticulations. 



like base, lateral nerves delicate, in 2 or 3 pairs; flowers soli- June-Aug. Wet places and paddy fields in lowlands; 



tary, nearly sessile, about 1 mm. across, rose-colored; sepals 3, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. The N. Hemisphere and S. 



ovate, very obtuse, connate at base, 1 of them often smaller America. 



Fam. 139. VIOLACEAE Sumire Ka Violet Family 



Herbs, rarely shrubs; leaves alternate, rarely opposite, simple, the stipules small or leaflike; flowers solitary or in panicles, 

 zygomorphic or actinomorphic, bisexual, rarely polygamous, sometimes cleistogamous; sepals 5, persistent, imbricate, often pro- 

 duced at base as an appendage; petals 5, imbricate or contorted, usually unequal, the lower ones often largest and spurred; 

 stamens 5, the anthers erect, introrse, the lower 2 often spurred; ovary superior, sessile, 1-locular, with 3 (or 2, 4, or 5) parietal 

 placentae; style connate or rarely divided; ovules usually many, anatropous; fruit an abrupdy dehiscent capsule or berry; seeds 

 often appendaged, the endosperm fleshy. About 16 genera, with about 800 species, in temperate and tropical regions. 



1. VIOLA L. Sumire Zoku 



Herbs or rarely shrubs; stipules persistent, often leaflike; leaves basal or alternate; peduncles axillary, usually solitary; flowers 

 zygomorphic, some of them often cleistogamous; sepals nearly equal; petals spreading, the lower one spurred at base; styles soli- 

 tary, simple, variously dilated or curved; stigma terminal or placed in front; capsules abruptly dehiscent, 3-valvate; seeds ovoid or 



ovoid-globose, the testa crustaceous, usually lustrous. More than 400 species, chiefly in temperate regions, mosdy in the 



N. Hemisphere, few in the S. Hemisphere. 



lA. Flowers violet, purple or white, never yellow. 

 2A. Plants stcmless. 



3A. Leaves compound or deeply incised \. V. dissecta 



3B. Leaves simple, serrate. 



4A. Capsules and ovaries pilose; leaves rounded-cordate to -reniform. 



5A. Sepals obtuse; spur saccate and short; rhizomes thick, densely noded; leaves green on upper surface, the petioles and 

 peduncles with spreading white hairs. 



6A. Stolons absent or verj' short; leaves ovate-cordate, subacute with an obtuse tip 2. V . collina 



6B. Stolons well developed; leaves cordate-orbicular, usually rounded at the tip 3. V. hondoensis 



5B. Sepals subacute; spur long; rhizomes slender and short; leaves white-variegated on upper surface, the petioles and peduncles 



short-pubescent 2 1 . F, varicgata var. nipponica 



43. Capsules and ovaries glabrous, or if puberulous, the leaves much longer than wide. 

 7A. Rhizomes thick, densely noded; stolons absent. 



8A. Rhizomes thick and short, erect; bracts 8-13 mm. long; flowers white; capsules ellipsoidal 4. V. k^i^k" 



83. Rhizomes thick and rather long-creeping; bracts 3-8 mm. long. 



9A. Leaves depressed-cordate or orbicular-cordate, short-obtuse; spur 5-7 mm. long; capsules produced exclusively from the 



cleistogamous flowers 40. I', mirabilis var. subglabra 



93. Leaves narrowly deltoid-ovate or deltoid-cordate, acute to acuminate; flowers bctorc the leaves, the spur saccate, 2.5-5 

 mm. long. 



lOA. Petioles usually persistent on rhizomes over winter; flowers rather small, 8-13 mm. long 5. V. yazawana 



lOB. Petioles usually not persistent on rhizomes over winter; flowers larger, 15-20 mm. long. 



IIA. Stipules pale green, 5-10 mm. long; adult leaves cordate; flowers pale rose-purple 6. V. rossii 



113. Stipules dark brown, 10-18 mm. long; flowers pale purple. 



12A. Adult leaves cordate-rounded 7. V. caginala 



123. Adult leaves broadly deltoid-lanceolate to -ovate 8. V. bissetii 



7B. Rhizomes slender or almost absent, sometimes rather thick and short; stolons often present. 



