634 ViOLACEAE 



13A. Leaves truncate to shallowly cordate at base; petioles rather broad, often winged. 

 HA. Petioles distinctly winged on upper portion. 



15A. Spur 3-4 mm. long, terete; plants of wet places, with white roots; petioles usually longer than the blades; flowers 



white with purple striations 9. V. patrinii 



15B. Spur 5-7 mm. long; plants of grassy fields, with orange-brown roots; petioles as long as to shorter than the blades; 



flowers dark-purple, or rarely white with purple striations 10. F. mandshurica 



14B. Petioles very narrowly winged or wingless. 

 1 6A. Flowers rose-purple. 



17A. Flowers deep rose-purple; petals 10-13 mm. long; leaves rather thick, 1-3 cm. long, 0.8-2.5 cm. wide. 



13. F. phalacrocarpa 



17b. Flowers pale rose-purple; petals 15-20 mm. long; leaves thin, 3-6 cm. long, 2-4 cm. wide 16. F. hirtipes 



16B. Flowers purple. 



18A. Leaves rather thin, ovate to broadly so; roots slender; flowers pale purple to violet 14. F. japonica 



18B. Leaves rather thick, lanceolate, deltoid-lanceolate to -ovate; roots rather thick. 



19A. Flowers purple; petals 10-14 mm. long, the lateral ones glabrous; leaves 3-6(-8) cm. long. 11. V. yedoensis 

 19B. Flowers deep purple, small; petals 8-10 mm. long, the lateral ones bearded inside; leaves 1.5-4 cm. long. 



12. F. minor 

 13B. Leaves deeply cordate at base; petioles slender and wingless. 



20A. Spur saccate, verj' short; flowers white with purple striations on the lip; petals often of different lengths. 

 21 A. Rhizomes slender, long-creeping, distinctly noded. 



22A. Leaves orbicular-reniforra, rounded and sometimes with an abrupt short tip; rhizomes with persistent petiole 



bases of preceding year 17. F. blandaeformis 



22B. Leaves broadly ovate-orbicular to ovate, short-acuminate; rhizomes without persistent petiole bases of preceding year. 



22. F. shikpkiana 

 21B. Rhizomes short. 



23A. Leaves ovate-elliptic to ovate; sepals recurved toward tip; plant often white-pubescent. . . 20. F. maximowicziana 

 23B. Leaves ovate, deltoid, or broadly deltoid-lanceolate; sepals erect; plant glabrous or puberulous. 



24A. Leaves ovate to ovate-cordate, depressed-toothed 18. V. pumilio 



24B. Leaves deltoid-cordate to narrowly ovate, usually broadly deltoid-ovate, the teeth slighdy dilated at tip. 



19. F. boissieuana 

 20B. Spur elongate, cylindric; flowers purple to white; petals nearly all equal in length. 

 25A. Leaves at flowering time ovate or reniform-cordate, nearly as long as wide. 



26A. Leaves broadly ovate-elliptic to cordate-orbicular, obtuse to rounded 21. F. variegata var. nipponica 



26B. Leaves broadly ovate to rounded-cordate, acute. 



27A. Flowers pale purple; leaves rather thick, broadly ovate, purplish beneath, the teeth short, undulate, with a notch 



at each end 24. F. tokubuchiana 



27B. Flowers pale violet to whitish; leaves thin, ovate to ovate-cordate, sometimes purplish beneath, the outer margin 

 of teeth flat on lower half, semirounded on upper half. 



28A. Leaves ovate; flowers white with purple striations 15. F. yezoensis 



28B. Leaves ovate-cordate; flowers pale violet 23. F. Selkirk}' 



25B. Leaves at flowering time broadly lanceolate to ovate, usually distinctly longer than wide. 



29A. Leaves deltoid-ovate to narrowly so, usually sparingly pilose, especially those of summer, the teeth undulate, semi- 

 rounded on upper half; flowers rose-purple 25. V. takedana 



29B. Leaves narrowly deltoid-ovate to broadly lanceolate, glabrous or sparsely short-hairy on upper surface, the teeth 

 flat, indistinctly notched at both ends. 



30A. Flowers deep rose-purple; leaves narrowly deltoid-ovate 26. F. violacea 



SOB. Flowers rose-purple; leaves broadly deltoid-lanceolate 27. F. makinoi 



2B. Plants with distinct aerial stems or leafy stolons. 

 31A. Radical leaves absent at anthesis; stems erect. 

 32A. Leaves much longer than wide; stipules toothed. 



33A. Leaves deltoid-lanceolate, broadest at the truncate base 28. V. raddeana 



33B. Leaves broadly lanceolate, broadest below the middle, cuneate at base 29. F. thibaudieri 



32B. Leaves ovate to ovate-cordate; stipules pinnately incised 30. F. acuminata 



3 IB. Radical leaves present at anthesis; stems usually ascending or decumbent at base. 



34A. Leaves ovate, broadly cuneate to subtruncate at base, broadly decurrent on the petiole; stoloniferous; coarsely pilose or glabres- 



cent 31. F. di-ffusa var. glabella 



34B. Leaves cordate, reniform-cordate, or ovate-cordate. 



35A. Capsules subglobose, pilose 3. F. hondoensis 



35B. Capsules ellipsoidal or oblong, glabrous. 



36A. Stipules pinnately lobed to distinctly incised; leaves brown-spotted when dry. 

 37A. Flowers usually cauline only; spur rather thick and slightly flattened. 



38A. Stipules divided for less than half their length; flowers pale violet, the lateral petals bearded inside. 33. V. sacchalinensis 

 38B. Stipules divided for more than half their length; petals glabrous. 



39A. Plants to 40 cm. high, in woods or in wet places; rhizomes herbaceous, creeping; flowers pale violet. 



34. F. k^sanoana 

 39B. Plants 5-10 cm. high, in dunes along seacoast; rhizomes woody, erect to ascending; flowers deep violet. 



35. F. senamiensis 

 37B. Flowers radical and cauline; spur rather slender and long. 



