830 RUBIACEAE 



wide, acuminate, cordate at base, with 5 nerves from the base, panulate-rotate, 5-lobed, about 3 mm. across; fruit black. 



retrorsely aculeolate on petioles, on margins, and on nerves of July-Sept. Mountains; Honshu, Kyushu. ^Korea. 



leaves beneath; inflorescence subpaniculate, axillary and termi- 5. Rubia cordifolia L. var. pratensis Maxim. R. pro- 



nal, often compound, die pedicels short; flowers pale yellow, tensis (Maxim.) Nakai; R. cordifolia var. lancijolia sensu auct. 



3.5-4 mm. across; ovary smooth; corolla rotate, 4- or 5-lobed; Japon., non Kegel Kurumaba-akane, Tsushima-akane. 



fruit black. Aug.-Oct. Thickets and hedges in lowlands Resembles No. 3; leaves rather thick, on main stems in verticils 



and low elevations in the mountains; Honshu, Shikoku, Kyu- of 6's to lO's, on the branches in 4's to 6's, ovate-oblong, 2-4 



shu; rather common. Korea, China, and Formosa. cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, cuspidate or abruptly acute, rounded 



4. Rubia hesaphylla (Makino) Makino. R. cordifolia or slightly cordate at base, petiolate, usually 5-nerved, promi- 



var. hexaphylla Makino O-akane. Resembles the pre- nently retrorsely aculeolate on margin and on nerves beneath; 



ceding but larger; stem-leaves in verticils of 4's to 6's, cordate inflorescence paniculate, axillary and terminal; flowers pedi- 



or ovate-cordate, 5-13 cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, long-petiolate, celled, about 3.5 mm. across; ovary glabrous; corolla 5-lobed, 



(5 or)7-nerved, the leaves on branches smaller, broadly deltoid- rotate; fruit black. Oct. Honshu (Chiigoku Distr.), Kyu- 



ovate, rounded at base; inflorescence rather few-flowered, the shu (n. distr.). Korea, Manchuria, Ussuri, and Amur. 



pedicels 4-7 mm. long; ovary glabrous, smooth; corolla cam- 



18. GALIUM L. Yae-mugura Zoku 



Annuals, biennials, or perennials, often retrorsely scabrous; stems erect or scandent; leaves whorled, (3-)4 to many in a whorl; 

 flowers small, usually 4-merous, in axillary cymes or terminal panicles, white, pale yellow, or greenish, bractless, the pedicels 

 jointed with the calyx; calyx-teeth obsolete; corolla rotate, (3-)4-lobed, the lobes valvate in bud; stamens (3-)4, the filaments 

 short; ovary 2-locular; styles 2, short; ovules solitary in each locule; fruit usually dry, globose, separating at mamrity into 2 

 seedlike indehiscent 1-seeded carpels, smooth or scabrous, often prickly. About 300 species, nearly worldwide, except Aus- 

 tralia. 



I A. Leaves on the main stems in verticils of 6*s to lO's. 



2A. Stems erect; leaves linear, short-pubescent, especially at the nodes; flowers greenish white to pale yellow 1. G. verum 



2B. Stems weak and decumbent or creeping, retrorsely aculeolate on the angles; flowers white to pale green. 

 3A. Leaves not aculeolate on margin. 

 4A. Cymes nearly all terminal. 



5A. Leaves narrowly oblong, rounded to obtuse, mucronate, deep green when dry 2. G. trifioriforme 



5B. Leaves narrowly ovate or broadly lanceolate, acute, mucronate, black-green when dry 3. G. japonicitm 



4B. Cymes axillary and terminal; leaves narrowly ovate-oblong 4. G. triflorum 



3B. Leaves retrorsely aculeolate on margin. 



6A. Straggling annual or biennial; leaves awn-tipped; inflorescence axillary and terminal; flowers pale green 5. G. spurium 



6B. Perennial, very slender, simple or sparsely branched, with slender creeping rhizomes; leaves short-mucronate; inflorescence 



nearly terminal; flowers white 6. G. dahuricum 



IB. Leaves on main stems in verticils of 4's, sometimes in 5's or 6's. 



7A. Leaves retrorsely aculeolate on margin, in verticils of 5's to 6's on main stems. 



8A. Leaves rounded to very obtuse; corolla 3- or 4-lobed; fruitlets subglobose, glabrous 7. G. trifidum var. brevipedunculatum 



83. Leaves rounded or obtuse, mucronate-tipped; corolla 4-lobed; fruitlets ellipsoidal, usually with hooked prickles. 



8. G. pseudoasprellum 

 7B. Leaves not retrorsely aculeolate, in verticils of 4's(-5's) on main stems. 

 9A. Leaves 1 -nerved or obscurely so. 



lOA. Leaves nearly glabrous or loosely appressed -pilose on margin and on upper surface near margin. 



11 A. Stems 5-20 cm. long, usually simple; leaves in a verticil often unequal in size; inflorescence nearly terminal. 



12A. Leaves 1-4 cm. long inclusive of the petiole; fruitlets with hooked prickles 9. G. paradoxiim 



12B. Leaves 0.6-1.2 cm. long inclusive of the petiole; fruitlets puberulent 10. G. yaktisimenss 



IIB. Stems 30-80 cm. long, often branched; leaves in a verticil equal or nearly equal in size; inflorescence axillary and 

 terminal. 



13A. Pedicels much longer than the fruit; bracts 2(-3); fruitlets glabrous 11. G. niewerthii 



13B. Pedicels shorter than the fruit; bracts solitary; fruitlets rather densely pilosulous 12. G. I^iktimugtira 



lOB. Leaves with obliquely spreading long hairs on midrib beneath and on margin. 

 14A. Pedicels 1-3 mm. long; leaves yellow-green or pale green when dry. 



15A. Leaves ovate-oblong, elliptic, or ovate 13. G. trachyspermum 



15B. Leaves oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate 14. G. gracilens 



14B. Pedicels (3-)5-10 mm. long; leaves vivid green when dry 15. G. pogonanthum 



9B. Leaves distinctly 3-nerved. 



16A. Leaves tliinly membranous, rounded and mucronulate-tipped, rarely acute; fruitlets densely prickly. . . 16. G. kamtschaticum 

 16B. Leaves thicker, gradually acute with an obtuse tip, or acute to acuminate; fruidets glabrous or short-hairy. 

 17A. Inflorescence a large terminal many-flowered panicle. 



18A. Leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acuminate or acute with an obtuse tip; inflorescence densely flowered, the branches 



short; pedicels very short 17. G. boreale var. \amtschaticum 



18B. Leaves ovate to narrowly so, acuminate; inflorescence loosely flowered, with rather slender branches; pedicels slender. 



18. G. \inttta 

 17B. Inflorescence loosely cymose, terminal, 3- to 7-flowered 19. G. nakflii 



