RUBUCEAE 



831 



1. Galium verum L. var. asiaticum Nakai. G. verum 

 var. Ittteum Nakai, excl. syn.; G. verum var. japonalpinum 



Nakai Kibana-kawara-matsuba. Perennial herb; stems 



erect, slightly branched in upper part, short-pubescent espe- 

 cially at the nodes; leaves in verticils of 8's to 10's(-12's), lin- 

 ear, 2-3 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, short spine-tipped, pubescent 

 beneath; inflorescence a terminal and axillary densely many- 

 flowered panicle; flowers greenish white to pale yellow, about 



2.5 mm. across; fruitlets ellipsoidal, glabrous. July-Oct. 



Grassy slopes in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu; very 



variable in flower color and in the indument. Forma lute- 



olum Makino. Usuiro-kawara-matsuba. With pale yel- 

 low flowers. Forma nikkoense (Nakai) Ohwi. G. verum 



var. lacteum sensu auct. Japon., non Maxim.; G. verum var. 



nU{l{pense Nakai Kawara-matsuba. With pale flowers, 



and the leaves glabrous on upper surface. 



Var. trachycarpum DC. G. verum var. ruthenicum Nakai, 



excl. syn. Ezo-kawara-matsuba. Ovary densely pilose; 



flowers pale yellow. Grassy places in mountains; Hokkaido, 



Honshu; variable. Forma album Nakai. Chosen-kawara- 



MATsuBA. Flowers white. Forma intermedium Nakai. 



Usuki-iovwara-matsuba. Flowers creamy white. Forma 



tomentosum Nakai. Ezo-no-ke-kawara-matsuba. Promi- 



nendy pubescent throughout. The species occurs widely 



from e. Asia to e. Europe. 



2. Galium trifloriforme Komar. G. japonicum Makino, 



pro parte; G. nipponicum Makino, pro parte Oku-kuru- 



ma-mucura, Chosen-kuruma-mugura. Perennial herb, deep 

 green when dry; stems ascending, 20-50 cm. long, 4-angIed, 

 retrorsely scabrous on the angles; leaves usually in verticils of 

 6's, narrowly oblong, 2.5-4 cm. long, 7-10 mm. wide, rounded 

 to obtuse, mucronate, acute at base, the midrib usually smooth; 

 cymes loosely few-flowered, axillary and terminal; flowers 

 white, pedicelled; fruitlets with long hooked spines, densely 



so. July-Aug. Damp woods in mountains; Hokkaido, 



Honshu, Shikoku, K>'ushu. Kuriles, Sakhalin, Korea, Man- 

 churia, and China. 



3. Galium japonicum Makino. G. japonicum Makino, 

 pro parte; G. nipponicum Makino, pro parte; G. triflorifortne 

 \ar. nipponicum (Makino) Nakai Kuruma-mugura. Re- 

 sembles the preceding, blackish when dry; stems usually 

 smooth; leaves narrowly ovate or broadly lanceolate, acute, 

 mucronate, smooth except the margin and the upper surface 



near the margin; fruitlets with long prickles. May-July. 



Damp woods in mountains; Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, 

 Kyushu. Korea. 



4. Galium triflorum Michx. Yatsugatake-mugura. 

 Perennial; stems decumbent, 20-40 cm. long, retrorsely prickly 

 on the angles; leaves in verticils of 6's, narrowly ovate-oblong, 

 1-3 cm. long, abruptly cuspidate, with retrorsely directed 

 prickles on midrib beneath; inflorescence axillary and terminal, 

 several-flowered; flowers white, small, pedicelled; fruidets rela- 

 tively long-prickled. July. Damp coniferous woods; Hon- 

 shu; very rare. Kuriles, Sakhalin, and northern regions of 



the N. Hemisphere. 



5. Galium spurium L. var. echinospermon (Wallr.) 

 Hayek. G. vaillantii DC; G. strigosum Thunb.; G. agreste 

 var. echinospermon Wallr.; G. spurium var. vaillantii (DC.) 



Gaud.; G. aparine var. echinospermon (Wallr.) Farwell 



Yae-mtjgura. Straggling annual or biennial; stems elongate, 

 much branched, retrorsely scabrous; leaves in verticils of 6's to 

 8's, narrowly oblanceolate or broadly linear, 1-3 cm. long. 



1.5-4 mm. wide, obtuse and short awn-tipped, gradually nar- 

 rowed at base, retrorsely scabrous on margin and on midrib 

 beneath; inflorescence few flowered, axillary and terminal; 

 flowers small, pale green, on spreading pedicels; fruit with 



hooked prickles.- May-July. Grassy slopes, waste grounds 



and thickets in lowlands and low elevations in the mountains; 

 Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu; very common. Sa- 

 khalin, Korea, China, Ryukyus, to Europe and Africa. 



Var. spurium. G. agreste var. leiospermon Wallr.; G. apa- 

 rine var. spurium (L.) Wimmer Toge-nashi-yae-mugura. 



Fruitlets not prickly. The typical phase is doubtfully nat- 

 uralized in Hokkaido. Eurasia. 



6. Galium dahuricum Turcz. var. tokyoense (Makino) 

 Cufodontis. G. to/{i'oer!se Makino; G. aspreJlum var. to\yo- 

 ense (Makino) Nakai Hana-mugura. Very slender sim- 

 ple or sparsely branched perennial with slender creeping rhi- 

 zomes; stems 30-60 cm. long, retrorsely scabrous on the angles; 

 leaves usually in verticils of 6's, oblanceolate to narrowly so, 

 2-3 cm. long, 4-7 mm. wide, rounded, slighdy refuse, or ob- 

 tuse, short-mucronate, retrorsely scabrous on margin and on 

 the midrib beneath; inflorescence rather many-flowered; flow- 

 ers white, pedicelled; fruit glabrous. June-July. Wet 



grassy places along rivers in lowlands; Honshu (centr. and n. 

 distr.). Korea and Manchuria. 



Var. dahuricum. G. asprellum var. dahuricum Maxim. 



Ezo-MUGURA. Leaves acuminate, short awn-tipped. 



Reported from Hokkaido. Korea and the temperate regions 



of e. Asia. 



7. Galium trifidum L. var. brevipedunculatum Regel. 

 G. trifidum var. pacificttm Wieg.; G. tiifidum sensu auct. Ja- 

 pon., non L.- — ■ — Hosoba-no-yotsuba-mugura. Rather deli- 

 cate perennial, black when dry; stems 15-40 cm. long, often 

 weakly scabrous-prickly; leaves in verticils of 4's or sometimes 

 in 5's, narrowly oblong to oblanceolate, sometimes slightly un- 

 equal in the same whorl, rounded to very obtuse at apex, nar- 

 rowed at base, with sparse retrorse prickles on margins and on 

 midrib beneadi; cymes few-flowered, terminal; flowers small, 

 white, 3- or 4-lobed, the pedicels spreading; fruidets subglo- 



bose, glabrous. May-July. Wet boggy places in lowlands; 



Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. e. Asia and N. 



America. The tj'pical phase occurs in Eurasia. 



8. Galium pseudoaspreUum Makino. G. asprellum var. 

 lasiocarpum Makino Ob.\-no-yae-mugura. Green peren- 

 nial; stems much elongate and branched, ascending, with 

 retrorse prickles; leaves in verticils of 5's or 6's on the main 

 branches, the uppermost ones in 4's or 5's, broadly oblanceolate 

 to narrowly obovate-oblong, or oblanceolate in the upper ones, 

 1.5-3 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide, obtuse to rounded, mucronate- 

 dpped, sometimes acuminate in the upper ones, retrorse-prickly 

 on the margins and on the midrib beneath; inflorescence axil- 

 lary and terminal, loosely flowered, with slender branches and 

 pedicels; corolla 4-lobed; fruitlets ellipsoidal, usually with 

 hooked prickles. Aug.-Oct. Mountains; Hokkaido, Hon- 

 shu, Shikoku, Kyushu. Korea, Manchuria, and China. 



9. Galium paradoxum Maxim. G. stcllariijolium Fr. & 



Sav. Miyama-mugura. Rather soft perennial, deep green 



when dried; stems 10-25 cm. long, smooth, with 3 to 5 whorls 

 of leaves; leaves in verticils of 4's, one of the pairs smaller than 

 the other, ovate to broadly so, 1-4 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, 

 acute, rounded or acute at base, loosely strigose on margin and 

 on upper side toward the margin, the petioles 4-12 mm. long; 

 cymes pedunculate, few-flowered; flowers white; fruit long- 



