COMPOSITAE 879 



31. EMILIA Cass. Usu-beni-nigana Zoku 



Glaucous annuals; leaves alternate, approximate toward the base of tlie stems, often pinnatifid, clasping at base; heads long- 

 pcdunculate, nodding before anthesis, without ligulate florets; involucres tubular, bractless at base, the bracts 1-seriate, equal, 

 elongate after anthesis; receptacle glabrous; flowers equal, bisexual, fertile, the corollas capillary, 5-lobed; anthers witli a narrow 

 appendage at apex, obtuse at base; style-branches appendaged, short-strigose at apex; achcnes 5-anglcd, truncate at both ends; 

 pappus-brisdes white, many, slender, scabrous. Tropics of Asia and Africa; naturalized in America. 



1. Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Cacalia sonchijolia L.; acute; corolla pale rose; achenes about 3 mm. long, setulose 



Senecio sonchijolitts (L.) Mocnch Usu-beni-nicana. on the ribs; pappus about 8 mm. long. Aug.-Oct. Waste 



Nearly glabrous, glaucous annual; stems 20-45 cm. long, grounds; Honshu (Kinki Distr. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyu- 



branched in upper part; lower leaves approximate, 5-10 cm. shu. Ryukyus, Formosa, China, and the Tropics of Asia 



long, 25-65 mm. wide, lyrately pinnatifid, loosely short-pubes- and Africa. 



cent, usually purphsh beneath, winged-petiolate, clasping at Ennilia sagittata (Vahl) DC. E. ftammea Cass.; Cacalia 



base, the median leaves loose, somewhat smaller, ovate-Ianceo- sagittata Vahl; C. coccinea Sims Beni-nigana. Flowers 



late, acute, sagittate at base, entire or irregularly serrulate, red or orange-yellow. Often cultivated in gardens. 



sessile; heads 2-5, terminal, 8 mm. long, accrescent, to 14 mm. India, 

 long, in corymbs; involucres tubular, the bracts broadly linear, 



32. FAEFUGIUM Lindl. Tsuwabuki Zoku 



Evergreen perennial herbs; radical leaves tufted, involute in bud, long-hairy while young, cordate, reniform, or flabellate, 

 long-pedolate, the petioles with a dilated base; cauline leaves bracdike; heads in cor^^mbs, ligulate; involucres tubular, with sub- 

 tending bracteate leaves, die bracts 1-seriate, equal, free; receptacle toothed around the pits; ligulate flowers 1-seriate; tubular 

 flowers bisexual, many, fertile; achenes terete, slighdy narrowed at the ends, densely hairy; pappus-brisdes persistent, brisde- 

 like, many, short-pilose. Few species, in e. Asia. 



lA. Leaves reniform, rounded at apex, mucronate-toothed or nearly entire 1. F. japonicum 



IB. Leaves ovate-cordate, abruptly acute to short-acuminate, doubly acute-toothed 2. F. hibernifloriim 



1. Farfugium japonicum (L.) Kitam. Ttissilago japon- Sieb. & Zucc; Senecio sieboldii Schultz-Bip. O-tsuwabuki. 



ica L.; Arnica tiissilaginea Burm.; Senecio k.^'empferi DC; Larger spontaneous phase. Kyushu. Sometimes cultivated 



Ligularia ^aempjeri (DC.) Sieb. & Zucc; L. tussilaginea in gardens. 



(Burm.) Makino Tsuwabuki. Grayish brown-woolly or 2. Farfugium hiberniflorum (Makino) Kitam. Ligul- 



nearly glabrous perennial with thick rhizomes; radical leaves aria hiberniflora Makino; Senecio hibernifonis Makino, in 



thick, long-petiolate, reniform, 4-15 cm. long, 6-30 cm. wide, syn. Kan-tsuwabuki. Rhizomes stout; radical leaves 



semi-evergreen, lustrous above, mucronate-toothed or nearly somewhat fleshy, cordate or ovate-cordate, 5.5-20 cm. long, 



entire; scapes 30-75 cm. long, bracteate; heads loosely corym- 7.5-20 cm. wide, abruptly acute to acuminate, cordate to sub- 



bose, 4-6 cm. across, yellow, pedunculate; involucres 12-15 truncate at base, irregularly double-toothed, gray-woolly be- 



mm. long; ligulate corollas 3-4 cm. long, about 6 mm. wide; neath, long-petiolate; scapes branched in upper part, 25^2 



achenes 5-6.5 mm. long; pappus 8-11 mm. long, dark brown. cm. long, densely grayish white-woolly, loosely scaly-leaved; 



Oct.-Dec. Near seashores; Honshu (Ivvaki and Echizen heads about 3 cm. across, in corymbs, yellow, pedunculate; 



Prov. and westw.), Shikoku, Kyushu; common and frequently involucres broadly campanulate, about I cm. long, the bracts 



culuvated in gardens. purplish; ligulate corollas 17-18 mm. long; pappus snow-white, 



Var. giganteum (Sieb. & Zucc.) Kitam. Ligularia tus- 65-7 mm. long. Sept.-Dec. Thickets and woods in low 



silaginca var. gigantea (Sieb. & Zucc.) Makino; L. gigantea mountains; Kyushu (Yakushima and Tanegashima). 



33. LIGULARIA Cass. Me-takara-k6 Zoku 



Perennial herbs; leaves usually cordate, reniform, or ovate-oblong, peuolate, the cauline leaves few, the uppermost bractlike, 

 alternate, sheathed at base; heads relatively large, in corymbs or racemes, the peduncles often bracteate; involucres tubular or 

 campanulate, the bracts equal, 1-seriate, of two forms, sometimes connate; ligulate florets pistillate, the corollas yellow; tubular 

 florets bisexual, ferrile, the corolla tubular; style branches obtuse; achenes terete, striate, beakless, glabrous; pappus elongate or 

 short, scabrous or pilose. Many species, in Eurasia. 



lA. Radical leaves erect, glaucous, ovatc-oblong or oblong. 



2 A. Involucral bracts free 1 . L. jauriri 



2B. Involucral bracts connate 2. L. angusta 



1 B. Radical leaves spreading or ascending, green, as long as broad or broader than long. 



3A. Ligulate florets absent or 1-3; involucres narrowly tubular; bracts 5 3. L. stenocephala 



3B. Ligulate florets 5-10; involucres tubular-campanulate; bracts 7-13. 



4A. Involucres 11-12 mm. long, 5-14 mm. across, bracteate, the pedicels bracteate. 



5.\. Involucres 8-10 mm. across; pappus as long as the corolla 4. L. tibirica 



5B. Involucres 5-14 mm. across; pappus much shorter than the corolla 5. L. hodgtonii 



4B. Involucres 16-25 mm. long, 16-18 mm. across, bractless, the pedicels bractless. 



6A. Leaves palmatcly parted, strongly revolute while young; pappus 6-7.5 mm. long 6. L. japomca 



6B. Leaves merely toothed, revolute in bud; pappus about 12 mm. long 7. L. dentata 



