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again during" the next years, though orders were issued from Madrid 

 not to tolerate any settlement of Chinese at Manila. This, like all 

 subsequent ordinances of Spain, was entirely futile in checking Chi- 

 nese immigration, which continued, in fact, until the end of Spanish 

 rule on the Islands. 



That even the present Manchu dynasty still considered the Philip- 

 pines as one of its tributary States appears from the official work, 

 "Ta Ch'ing hui tien," the rules and regulations of this dynasty, in the 

 section on "Court tribute" (ch'ao kiing), in which the country of 

 Luzon also figures among the vassals and tribute-bearers of China. 

 It is stated there that it was conquered in the time of the Ming by 

 the Franks, but the name remained unchanged. Trade was inter- 

 dicted by K'ang-hsi, but resumed again under Yung-cheng. 1 



Toward the middle and end of the eighteenth century a number 

 of small geographical treatises appeared in China which attempt to 

 study the geographical positions and conditions of the islands in the 

 southeastern part of the Pacific by furnishing sailing directions to 

 navigators and describing the peculiar features of the native tribes 

 and foreign colonization. The Philippines were described repeat- 

 edly in this period. The most interesting of these little works is 

 the "Hai tao yi chi," by Wang Ta-hai, published about 1791. The 

 author had made a voyage to Batavia in a Chinese junk, and de- 

 scribes many of the Channel Islands from personal observation, and 

 other countries from information gathered from various sources 

 during his travels. 2 As an example of this literature, I will give an 

 abstract of a pamphlet entitled "Records of Manila," written by 

 Huang K'o-ch'ui about 1790. After a brief discussion of the various 

 names under which the Spaniards were known in his time, the 

 author goes on to say that the appearance of these men resembles 

 that of the Chinese. "Their hats," he remarks, "are high and angu- 

 lar, their clothes have narrow sleeves. The articles they make use 

 of in eating and drinking are identical with those of the Dutch. 

 Their silver money, which is current in Fuhkien and Kuangtung, is 

 cast and adorned with the portrait of their sovereign. The island of 

 Luzon is in the southeast of the Fuhkien Sea at a distance of 1,000 li. 

 The number of the native population must be estimated at least at 

 100,000. The products of this country are gold, tortoise shell, 



1 G. Jamieson, The Tributary Nations of China (China Review, vol. xn, 

 p. 98). 



= A. Wylie, Notes on Chinese Literature, 2d edition, p. 65. The Hai kuo 

 zven kien hi ("Record of What I Heard and Saw of the Sea Countries"), 

 by Ch'en Lun-kiung, published in 1744, describes the sea route to Luzon 

 (T'oung Pao, vol. ix, p. 296). 



