LAUFER] RELATIONS OF CHINESE TO THE PHILIPPINES 279 



ing year. A Spaniard who had lost his nose got a Chinaman to make 

 him a wooden one to hide his deformity. The artist made such a 

 splendid imitation that it pleased the Spaniard immensely and in- 

 duced him to pay him the exorbitant sum of twenty dollars for it. 

 The Chinaman, lured by the large sum paid to him, loaded a ship 

 the following year with wooden noses, and returned to Manila with 

 great expectations. Matters, however, did not turn out at all as he 

 had anticipated, and he was only laughed at for his trouble ; for, in 

 order to have found a market for this new merchandise, it would 

 have been necessary to have cut off the noses of all the Spaniards 

 in the country. 1 



Regarding the mode of Chinese-Spanish commerce, the "Tung 

 hsi yang k'ao" (chap. 5, p. 6 a) has the following: 



As soon as die (Chinese) ships arrived they sent out men to hurry with 

 all dispatch to the chieftain (i. e., the governor of Manila) to bring him pres- 

 ents of silk. The duties which they levied were rather high, 2 but the meshes 

 of their nets were so close that there was no escape. Our people who have 

 intercourse with them remained there without returning home, for the reason 

 that they had the advantage of being but a short distance off and they quickly 

 made money. There was much opportunity for quarrels, but later on they 

 became more cautious. Our people at home were anxious lest the emigrating 

 class might be too numerous there and after their return later on breed 

 rebellion. It was therefore ordered that each junk should carry only two 

 hundred men, and that the number of junks sailing should not exceed a fixed 

 number. Returning home and sailing out again, the number of men was 

 increased to four hundred, the number of ships remaining the same. When 

 our people put to sea many gave a false name and figured only as a number. 

 While their investigation was going on they suddenly escaped in the midst of 

 it and went back to that country. The name of the market is Kan nei. s 

 Formerly it was within the city; afterwards, when they (i. e., the Spaniards) 

 became suspicious, they transferred it to the outskirts of the city and founded 

 a new Kan.* 



1 China Review, vol. xix, pp. 245-246. 



2 According to De Morga, the duty was 3 per cent. 



3 The term by which the Chinese quarter in Manila is designated, the parian 

 of the Spaniards. Kan is the Cantonese pronunciation of North Chinese 

 chien (Giles' Dictionary, No. 1603), and means "a mountain torrent;" Kan 

 nei, "inside of the mountain torrent." 



* "To Manila, all Chinese wares are openly sent from China in Chinese 

 junks which pay export duty to the Emperor of China ; and, in order to at- 

 tract Chinese merchants and secure a monopoly of trade, the Spaniards were 

 in the habit of advancing large sums of money, but the Chinese often failed 

 to return with the value in goods. This went on for several years, till we 

 settled here and the ravages of the pirates began; whereupon Chinese vessels 

 were first kept at home, and then gradually began to visit us, so that during 

 the last few years very little trade has been carried on at Manila." Thus wrote 

 Pieter Nuyts as early as 1628 (Wm. Campbell, Formosa under the Dutch, 

 London, 1903, p. 52). 



