28o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS [VOL. 50 



The following" localities which I am able to identify are mentioned 

 in the "Tung hsi yang k'ao" : 



Ta-Kiang (i.e., "the great harbor/' "the great Manila Bay") is the very 

 first place reached in coming from the Eastern Ocean. A great government 

 board is established there, and a city built of stone. The Franks guard this 

 place under the rule of a chieftain. Rice and grain grow plentifully ; but the 

 only other products are objects made of leather and horn. Before the bay is 

 reached, the Pi-kia-shan ' is visible. 



Nan-wang is contiguous to Ta-Kiang. In passing farther along, there are 

 two tiny villages, Wei-mi-yen and Wei-yen-t'ang, which produce leather, horn, 

 and cotton. 



Tai-mei Kiang enters with sinuous windings into the configuration of the 

 land, and is therefore called Tortoise-shell Bay (tai-mei wan). It is sur- 

 rounded by a mountain which serves as a land-mark. All ships sailing to 

 Luzon must observe this sign-post and steer towards it. This mountain is 

 thus set up like a guard. Although the name "Tortoise-shell" is given, 

 tortoise-shell is not produced there, but the only product is sappan-wood. 



Lu-p'eng"' is southward from Luzon, and produces univalve and bivalve 

 shells. 



Mo-lao-yang 3 is situated behind Manila, and produces cotton, oil, hemp, and 

 cocoanuts. 



There are some other localities mentioned and described in the 

 same work, but as I am still doubtful in regard to their identifica- 

 tion, I must leave this for some other occasion. 



There are three anthropological problems which must be taken 

 up in considering the relations of the Chinese to the Philippines. 

 The first is a question of physical anthropology, an investigation of 

 which should show what proportion of Chinese blood is contained 

 in the races and tribes at present inhabiting the Islands. Through 

 intermarriage of the Chinese with Malayan women, a class of half- 

 bloods has arisen whom the Spaniards call Mestizos de Sangley, or 

 Mestizos chinos. They are described as people of tall stature, of 

 sturdy build, intelligent, and possessed of the keen commercial abil- 

 ities of their fathers. The retail trade of the country and the small 

 banking business are largely in their hands. According to the views 

 of many writers, the Igorrotes on Luzon of the present day repre- 

 sent a mixed race, the descendants of wild mountain tribes and those 

 Chinese pirates who escaped the sword of the Spaniards after the 

 expulsion of the great corsair, Limahon, in 1574. This, like many 



1 Pi-kia is a frame of porcelain, brass, copper, or crystal, on which to rest 

 writing-brushes, usually made in the shape of cragged mountains ; mountains, 

 therefore, are again compared with this object. Shan means "mountain." 



2 Apparently identical with the Island of Lubang, discovered and conquered 

 by Salcedo in 1569. 



3 1 think that the identification of this name with Morong would be justifi- 

 able. 



